{"id":4288,"date":"2024-05-05T06:25:27","date_gmt":"2024-05-05T06:25:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sittig.law\/?page_id=4288"},"modified":"2024-07-10T09:42:36","modified_gmt":"2024-07-10T09:42:36","slug":"know","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sittig.law\/en\/wissen\/","title":{"rendered":"Knowledge"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4288\" class=\"elementor elementor-4288\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46bb9ae e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"46bb9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-648ef30 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"648ef30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ce96a1 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ce96a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edbf6b4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"edbf6b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157bb9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"157bb9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Knowledge<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb93368 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb93368\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFind out more about individual topics here.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-451223d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"451223d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0620cdf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0620cdf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a11025c elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a11025c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-lg\" href=\"#topics\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Search topics<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cf1fec elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9cf1fec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a20df66 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a20df66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"topics\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-176c405 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"176c405\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Choice of topic<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b153f22 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b153f22\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ca0b3 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"b7ca0b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"192716979\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open elements with Enter or Space, close them with Escape and navigate with the arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169791\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169791\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1927169791\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tIT law\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169792\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169792\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1927169792\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAppeal on points of law\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169793\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169793\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1927169793\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCriminal defense\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169794\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169794\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1927169794\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tConstitutional complaint\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1927169791\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169791\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-4df0e4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4df0e4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c372260 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c372260\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd4cc65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"bd4cc65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1980\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1980\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> I. The legal matter <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1980\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e5db8d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0e5db8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1980\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3602368 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3602368\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1980\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12e9ff2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"12e9ff2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd78cbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd78cbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I. The legal matter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-123db39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"123db39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9296629 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9296629\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">IT law is a cross-section of various areas of civil law relating to information technologies.<br><br>This legal matter is constantly changing as technology advances. Legislators are regularly unable to reflect the state of the art with the necessary topicality. Parliamentary processes to create new legal regulations are too time-consuming. IT law is therefore in a constant state of tension between the law in force (de lege lata) and the law to be created (de lege ferenda).<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5fe5ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d5fe5ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d09429 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0d09429\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f7b194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f7b194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">IT contract law<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28390ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"28390ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The main component of IT law is IT contract law.<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67dc0e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"67dc0e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d315733 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d315733\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the area&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/sittig.law\/en\/lawyer-it-law-hamburg\/\" target=\"_blank\">IT law<\/a>&nbsp;a distinction must be made between contracts between companies (B2B) and contracts between companies and consumers (B2C). In the case of contracts between companies and consumers, distance selling law plays a particularly important role, providing consumers with special protection, for example by granting them a right of withdrawal so that they can easily cancel contracts that they have concluded online.<\/p>\n<p>The types of contract typical for the IT sector cannot be easily categorized in the contract types of the German Civil Code. Instead of understanding them as contracts of their own kind (\u201esui generis\u201c), case law regularly endeavors to solve legal problems resulting from IT contracts by classifying the respective contract into a contract type regulated in the German Civil Code.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0916ed7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0916ed7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab20e4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab20e4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Types of contracts in IT law<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53ee73e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"53ee73e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The types of contract typical for it are explained below.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44c6057 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"44c6057\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baccbf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"baccbf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Software as a Service \/ Service Application Providing<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1951\"><p>Software as a Service contracts (SaaS contracts for short) are becoming increasingly popular.<\/p><p>The main feature of such contracts is that software is made available by a provider for a certain period of time. This can be by means of software installed locally or on a server or by means of software that is operated browser-based.<\/p><p>The underlying type of contract is essentially that of a rental agreement.<\/p><p>In addition to the remuneration, which is linked to a time interval, the term of the contract and the conditions under which the parties can withdraw from the contract are therefore a special subject matter of such contracts.<\/p><p>The software is continuously developed further. If upgrades or new versions are offered at all, these are generally not associated with separate costs in SaaS contracts. Development costs are reflected in the ongoing remuneration. Rising provider costs are reflected in price increases.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Software purchase agreement<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1952\"><p>Contracts for the purchase of software are generally concluded for standard software.<\/p><p>In return for payment, the buyer not only acquires ownership of the software in physical form, whether on a data carrier or in the form of installation files that can be downloaded. The rights to use the software are also acquired.<\/p><p>Upgrades and new versions of the software usually have to be purchased by the customer. Although this mainly serves to cover development costs, customer acceptance of this contract model is increasingly declining.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Cloud computing<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1953\"><p>Cloud computing contracts cover the use of online storage and computing capacity.<\/p><p>Software rental agreements or software purchase agreements were often sold together with cloud computing agreements in order to provide a basis for the use of software on the one hand and a cloud environment on the other. In some cases, pure software license agreements were also concluded instead of software rental agreements in order to contractually regulate the use of software in the cloud. Such contractual arrangements are still occasionally found today. However, such contract models are predominantly being replaced by software as a service contracts.<\/p><p>Nowadays, cloud computing is more of a business model for providing storage space within the product landscape of providers who also offer various other hardware and software products.<\/p><p>Cloud computing contracts are also essentially rental contracts.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Implementation contract<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1954\"><p>Implementation contracts relate to the implementation of software.<\/p><p>They are usually concluded between providers and users who are entrepreneurs, i.e. in the B2B sector. If a user has already created a complex infrastructure in their company and a server-based software with equally complex structures is to be integrated into this infrastructure, extensive work is required to successfully implement the software.<\/p><p>Individual companies or consultants have sometimes specialized in the implementation of specific software from other providers or even in the implementation of only individual tools of a specific software.<\/p><p>However, implementation contracts are often also part of a package of contracts if a user simultaneously purchases standard software from the same provider and also concludes a maintenance contract in this regard.<\/p><p>Implementation contracts are essentially contracts for work, as a specific result, namely the executable implementation of the software, is owed in return for payment. The prerequisite for the provider's remuneration claims to become due is the acceptance of the work by the user.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Individual software development contract<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1955\"><p>Customized software is created by the contractor specifically for the client according to the client's requirements and provided to the client against payment. Customized software can also be an app for mobile applications.<\/p><p>The question of whether, when and under what conditions the client receives the source code is of particular importance in these contracts. It will also regularly be of great importance to the client that the source code is documented in a comprehensible manner and that it receives the editing rights to the software so that it can have it further developed by a third party.<\/p><p>This is not only important in the event that the client wishes to disengage from the contractor due to any disagreements. Above all, the case of the contractor's insolvency must also be considered.<\/p><p>Individual software development contracts are also contracts for work. Functional software is owed in return for payment, subject to acceptance of the software.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Website creation contract<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1956\"><p>Website creation contracts relate to the creation of a website in return for payment of a fee.<\/p><p>If a website is programmed entirely using source code (\u201efrom scratch\u201c), the contract structure essentially corresponds to that of an individual software development contract. From a purely technical point of view, programming a website is nothing more than programming software.<\/p><p>In most cases, however, websites are created using a framework, i.e. a kind of construction kit that already provides the essential functionalities. Different frameworks can be used depending on what functionalities are required. An online store has different requirements than a website for advertising a company, for example.<\/p><p>Website creation contracts are also contracts for work, i.e. the work in the form of the website meeting the client's requirements is owed by the contractor in return for payment after acceptance.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1957\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1957\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Contracts for hardware<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1957\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1957\"><p>Hardware is usually either purchased or leased.<\/p><p>When hardware is purchased, ownership of the hardware is transferred against payment of the purchase price. The seller owes the delivery of defect-free hardware at the time of handover.<\/p><p>With hardware leasing, the lessor acquires the hardware from the supplier and makes it available to the lessee in return for payment of a time-related fee. The lessee assumes the lessor's warranty claims against the supplier.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1958\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1958\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Care contract<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1958\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1958\"><p>Maintenance contracts can cover the maintenance of hardware, software or an IT infrastructure as a whole or in part, regardless of the legal basis on which these products are provided to a user.<\/p><p>A common feature of maintenance contracts is that maintenance and support work is provided in return for payment, usually on the basis of time-related lump-sum payments, but sometimes also on the basis of an hourly rate (\u201etime and material\u201c).<\/p><p>A distinction is made between different support levels, which differentiate according to the qualifications of the personnel deployed and the depth of the maintenance and support services.<\/p><p>Support through consulting or training within the framework constitutes a service contract in which no specific success is owed.<\/p><p>Insofar as maintenance services are provided that are aimed at achieving a specific result - namely the functionality of the product to be maintained - a maintenance contract has the character of a contract for work, i.e. a specific result is owed.<\/p><p>If maintenance services are provided even though warranty claims exist on the basis of the contract under which the product to be maintained was provided to the user, this may result in compensation for warranty claims for defects that the user already has.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1959\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1959\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Project contract<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1959\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1959\"><p>A project contract is characterized by the fact that various it-typical services are provided in combination.<\/p><p>Under a system contract, for example, the IT infrastructure of a company may be completely set up or replaced, i.e. a combination of hardware and software is implemented.<\/p><p>However, a project contract can also simply consist of a combination of the purchase of licenses for software in combination with its implementation on an existing IT infrastructure, regardless of whether the software is purchased, rented or leased.<\/p><p>Just as a project contract is a combination of different services, each of these services will be provided under a different legal type of contract. However, the final result in the form of the achievement of the project objective is regularly owed as success under a contract for work and services in return for payment after acceptance.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-19510\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-19510\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">SEO \/ SEA contracts<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-19510\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-19510\"><p>Contracts for the optimization of a website so that it can be found better on the Internet or ranked higher on Google (Search Engine Optimization, or \u201eSEO\u201c for short) and contracts for the placement of advertisements in search engines (Search Engine Advertising, or \u201eSEA\u201c for short) are usually concluded for a certain period of time, during which these services are provided in return for a period-based fee. The customer also bears the costs of the advertisements.<\/p><p>A company's target groups should be optimally addressed in order to increase sales.<\/p><p>As is regularly the case with advertising, the effect is generally difficult to measure. The reports produced by the relevant service providers are only partially suitable for measuring the impact of the measures taken.<\/p><p>These contracts are usually service contracts, i.e. the mere provision of services against payment is owed, but no measurable success.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-19511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-19511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">EVB IT contracts<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-19511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-19511\"><p>Regulatory matter<\/p><p>1. letter of intent (LOI)<\/p><p>2. non-disclosure agreement (NDA)<\/p><p>3. service description<\/p><p>4. remuneration<\/p><p>5. waterfall method | change management | agile project<\/p><p>6 Rights of use<\/p><p>7. service level agreement (SLA)<\/p><p>8. duties to cooperate<\/p><p>9. obligations<\/p><p>10. open source software<\/p><p>11. escrow agreement<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1981\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1981\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> II The consultation <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1981\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e07c11 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e07c11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1981\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aca7bd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aca7bd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1981\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5641b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5641b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7735c58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7735c58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">II. IT law: Advice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d187bce elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d187bce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As IT law is a legal matter in which the actual technical circumstances and practices in the industry are often not reflected by the current legal regulations, court proceedings are regularly particularly risky. The only exception to this is litigation material for which established case law has already been developed.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79d2e7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"79d2e7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8811364 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"8811364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\"> Providers and users<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\"><p>The advice and representation of providers of software and other IT products and their users is fundamentally different.<\/p><p><strong>1. the interests<\/strong><\/p><p>In principle, software providers want to provide suppliers with an attractive product. However, they will regularly be concerned with keeping their liability risks as low as possible and being able to implement the largest possible price increases as conveniently as possible at all times. On the one hand, this reflects rising costs in the purchase of services and product development. On the other hand, such regulations are also intended to make it more attractive for groups to acquire shares in the provider.<\/p><p>Users, on the other hand, have the diametrically opposed interest that the contract with a provider gives them the greatest possible security that the product will meet their application requirements, that defects will be rectified in the best possible way and that all other requirements that are necessary for problem-free operation by the user will be met. In the event that these requirements are not met, it is in the user's interest to be able to obtain compensation for damages or expenses as easily as possible. At the same time, costs should remain as stable as possible.<\/p><p><strong>2. compliance<\/strong><\/p><p>In the case of corporations, these opposing interests follow from the requirements for a compliance system in companies.<\/p><p>Pursuant to Section 43 (1) GmbHG, the managing director of a GmbH must exercise the diligence of a prudent businessman, for the breach of which he is personally liable in the event of damage pursuant to Section 43 (2) GmbHG. The same applies in accordance with Section 93 (1) and (2) AktG for members of the management board of a public limited company, which is also obliged to set up a compliance organization in accordance with Section 91 (2) GmbH. For companies in the financial sector, Sections 63 et seq. WpHG, 25a, 25e KWG and the Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017\/565.<\/p><p>Another key provision is Section 130 (1) OWiG, which imposes supervisory measures on the owner of a company or business subject to fines.<\/p><p>For sole proprietors and partnerships, it is also the case that their personally liable partners want to install supervisory measures in the form of a compliance organization solely to protect their private assets.<\/p><p><strong>3rd provider<\/strong><\/p><p>Advising providers essentially consists of initially mapping their business model in general terms and conditions or - depending on the sales model - in standard contracts that are concluded with the users.<\/p><p>If the service description is the most sensible way to limit the provider's liability, the provider will be careful to include only as much as necessary and as little as possible.<\/p><p>In general, providers have an interest in not negotiating each contract individually. Otherwise, a \u201epatchwork\u201c of differently structured contracts is created, which makes uniform handling in terms of a compliance organization impossible.<\/p><p>If services are purchased from third parties, care must be taken to ensure that all concessions made to users are reflected in the contracts with them.<\/p><p>Above all, copyrights and other intellectual property rights must be allowed to be passed on to the provider's customers. Otherwise there is a risk of claims being made by the suppliers.<\/p><p>Even if the warranty for defects has been regulated in a service level agreement with the users, these regulations should be reflected in all contracts with the provider's suppliers. Otherwise, the provider will find itself in a situation in which it cannot provide its customers with the warranty for defects that it owes.<\/p><p>In order to have a unique position on the market alongside competitors, it is generally advisable to agree exclusivity that excludes competitors when \u201ebuying in\u201c services.<\/p><p><strong>4th user<\/strong><\/p><p>Users must ensure that contracts for IT services cover their use case as comprehensively as possible, i.e. ensure that they are provided with the services they need.<\/p><p>For example, the availability of software as a service can conflict with the user's business hours.<\/p><p>The provider's service description may not include essential software functionalities that are indispensable for the user.<\/p><p>Due to the organization of the user's company, the implementation of new software may require a different approach to that provided for in the provider's contract.<\/p><p>Users often have a wide variety of contracts with different providers of IT services. The interaction between the procurement of IT services from various providers may also result in special requirements for individual contracts.<\/p><p>Copyright editing rights may be required so that software can be partially adapted to the individual needs of the user.<\/p><p>On the other hand, coordination with other IT providers is required in the course of implementing the software.<\/p><p>As a result, providers will regularly be tempted to negotiate individual adjustments with suppliers, which will naturally meet with resistance.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Individual contracts and general terms and conditions<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\"><p>The legal conditions for individual contracts and general terms and conditions already differ. In addition, the approach to legal advice is also different in each case.<\/p><p><strong>1. general terms and conditions<\/strong><\/p><p>General terms and conditions in accordance with \u00a7 305 ff. BGB are subject to so-called clause control, i.e. certain provisions are permitted in individual contracts, but not in general terms and conditions. The main performance obligations and the relationship between performance and consideration are not subject to content control, nor are clauses that repeat the law.<\/p><p>Insofar as individual components of the General Terms and Conditions are invalid, the statutory provisions pursuant to Section 306 (1) and (2) BGB shall apply in their place. Provisions that are separable in terms of content and language shall remain valid. Only in the event of unreasonable hardship resulting from this shall a contract as a whole become invalid in accordance with \u00a7 306 Para. 3 BGB.<\/p><p>Clause control is only applied to a limited extent when using general terms and conditions in a contract with an entrepreneur or a legal entity under public law in accordance with Section 310 (1) BGB.<\/p><p>While individual contracts are negotiated in detail by the contracting parties, general terms and conditions are pre-formulated contractual terms for a large number of contracts. The decisive factor is therefore the intention of multiple use. The specific designation and the visual presentation of the general terms and conditions are irrelevant. It is not uncommon for model contracts to be used instead of general terms and conditions, although these are also general terms and conditions in the legal sense. Consumers are also protected by the law on general terms and conditions in accordance with Section 310 Para. 3 No. 2 of the German Civil Code (BGB) if provisions are only intended for single use but the consumer cannot influence them.<\/p><p>When concluding contracts with consumers, the General Terms and Conditions must be expressly included by agreeing their validity and making the General Terms and Conditions available.<\/p><p>To ensure that general terms and conditions do not inappropriately redistribute risk to the detriment of the contractual partner, they must comply with the transparency requirement, among other things.<\/p><p>Pursuant to Section 305c (1) BGB, surprising and unclear provisions are therefore invalid both in business dealings and in dealings with consumers.<\/p><p>In addition, according to the general clause of Section 307 (1) sentence 1 BGB, provisions in general terms and conditions are invalid if they unreasonably disadvantage the user's contractual partner contrary to the principles of good faith. This is the case if the user abusively attempts to assert his own interests at the expense of his contractual partner by unilaterally drafting the contract without adequately considering his interests from the outset and granting him appropriate compensation.<\/p><p>Section 307 (2) BGB specifies the general clause of Section 307 (1) BGB to the effect that, in case of doubt, an unreasonable disadvantage exists if a provision deviates from the essential basic idea of a statutory provision or if essential rights or obligations are restricted to the detriment of the contractual partner of the user of the General Terms and Conditions.<\/p><p>However, the general clause pursuant to Section 307 (1) sentence 1 BGB only applies if a clause used in general terms and conditions has not already violated Section 309 BGB or Section 308 BGB.<\/p><p>\u00a7 Section 309 BGB contains prohibitions on clauses without the possibility of evaluation. This is a \u201eblack list\u201c of provisions that are prohibited in general terms and conditions.<\/p><p>\u00a7 Section 308 BGB must be examined accordingly and contains prohibitions on clauses with the possibility of evaluation. In contrast to Section 309 BGB, the prohibitions in Section 308 BGB contain undefined legal terms that allow and require an assessment in individual cases.<\/p><p>In commercial transactions, the provisions of Sections 308 and 309 BGB, with the exception of No. 1a and No. 1b of Section 308 BGB, are not applicable, not even indirectly through the application of the general clause pursuant to Section 307 (1) sentence 1 BGB.<\/p><p><strong>2. individual agreements<\/strong><\/p><p>Individual agreements differ from general terms and conditions in that they are negotiated in detail between the contracting parties.<\/p><p>Whether an individual agreement exists must be decided individually for each clause of a contract. It depends on whether the respective clause was negotiated in detail between the contracting parties. Negotiation as such cannot be replaced by a contractual provision stating, for example, that a contract has been negotiated individually in its entirety. Negotiation will generally be reflected in a textual amendment.<\/p><p><strong>3. contract drafting in practice<\/strong><\/p><p>In particular, insofar as general terms and conditions are created for the conclusion of contracts with consumers, the advising lawyer is required to observe and implement all regulations on clause cotrol. With regard to the general clause pursuant to Section 307 Asb.1 sentence 1 BGB, any overreaching of the consumer must be avoided.<\/p><p>In business dealings, the clause control is not quite as strict, but from the point of view of the general clause of Section 307 (1) sentence 1 of the German Civil Code (BG) in particular, any overreaching of business partners who are entrepreneurs must be avoided.<\/p><p>Irrespective of the statutory control of clauses, however, a drafting practice that accommodates the contractual partner is also highly recommended from a commercial point of view. After all, legal concessions in general terms and conditions are also performance features of products.<\/p><p>Users will be inclined to negotiate model contracts and general terms and conditions, especially for large-volume projects. With regard to clause control, however, careful consideration must be given to which clause should be negotiated. The specific form of a clause may already suggest that it is invalid. If this clause is then negotiated and the provider does not change the clause as desired by the user, it will only become effective as a result of the individual negotiation.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1927169792\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169792\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30d3e95 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30d3e95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c58068 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1c58068\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8c3212 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"d8c3212\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2270\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2270\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> I. The course of proceedings <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2270\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f5a67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2f5a67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2270\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-398fe78 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"398fe78\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b78adc elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"0b78adc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Decisions to be challenged on appeal<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\"><p>A judgment by a regional court or a higher regional court can be appealed against by the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sittig.law\/en\/insert-revision\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Appeal on points of law<\/a>\u00a0by both the defense and the public prosecutor's office and, with certain restrictions, by the accessory prosecution.<\/p><p>These parties can appeal against first-instance judgments of a local court not only by way of an appeal but also by way of a so-called \"Sprungrevision\".<\/p><p>As a rule, an application is made to set aside the judgment under appeal, unless the appeal is limited to individual points.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Competent courts<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\"><p>Appeals in proceedings that took place at first instance before the local court are heard by the higher regional court of the respective federal state. The Federal Court of Justice is responsible for appeals in criminal cases that were heard at first instance before the Regional Court or Higher Regional Court.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Admissibility requirements<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\"><p>The appeal must be lodged within one week of the judgment being delivered by the court. If this deadline is not met, an effective appeal can still be lodged under strict conditions, possibly with reinstatement of the previous status.<\/p><p>An appeal can be lodged on behalf of a defendant by a lawyer. Alternatively, they can also lodge an appeal themselves in writing or on the record at the court registry.<\/p><p>The grounds for appeal must be submitted by a lawyer within one month of service of the copy of the judgment by the recognizing court. Alternatively, the defendant may submit it himself for the minutes of the court registry.<\/p><p>The appeal may be lodged by means of substantive and procedural objections.<\/p><p>By means of a substantive complaint, the violation of substantive law is objected to, i.e. the result of the lower court proceedings in the form of the challenged judgment.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>The procedural complaint is used to challenge the violation of formal law, i.e. - to put it in a nutshell - the way in which the contested judgment was reached.<\/p><p>A special feature in this respect is the objection to the assessment of evidence, which is essentially a procedural objection but is raised as a substantive objection.<\/p><p>While a general complaint is generally sufficient to raise a substantive complaint, a procedural complaint requires the submission of all facts that make the complaint comprehensible.<\/p><p>Only in the case of procedural objections pursuant to Section 338 StGB is no submission required as to why the judgment is based on the violation of the law. A so-called reliance is given if the judgment would (certainly or only possibly) have been different if the law had been applied correctly. Both substantive and procedural complaints that are based on relative grounds for appeal (Section 337 (1) StGB) must be submitted. It must be shown that the incorrect application of the law was causal for the decision.<\/p><p>The court of appeal only receives the judgment and can only use it to examine whether the law has been applied correctly and can therefore only decide on a substantive complaint without further ado.<\/p><p>According to the case law of the Federal Court of Justice, a procedural objection must be drafted in such a way that it describes the facts justifying the procedural error so precisely and completely that the court can examine whether a procedural error has occurred solely on the basis of the grounds of appeal.<\/p><p>If the appeal is lodged late or justified, it will be rejected as inadmissible.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Basis of the appeal decision<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\"><p>The basis for the grounds of appeal are generally the contested judgment and the procedural files, insofar as they are submitted with a procedural objection.<\/p><p>As a rule, the court of appeal does not take any evidence itself.<\/p><p>If there are gaps or contradictions in the main hearing transcript itself, the appellate court will switch to the free evidence procedure and use all available sources of evidence to examine whether the appellate submission is proven.<\/p><p>In the event that the minutes of the main hearing contain contradictions to a procedural complaint, the defense has the opportunity to request that the minutes of the main hearing be corrected.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Proceedings before the Court of Appeal<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\"><p>If the appeal is admissible, it will be served on the opposing party, the public prosecutor's office, with the opportunity to submit a counterstatement within one week.<\/p><p>The counterstatement is intended in particular to give the public prosecutor's office the opportunity to comment on the facts presented as part of a procedural objection.<\/p><p>The counterstatement is then sent to the defense, which in turn has the opportunity to comment on it, which is particularly advisable if the public prosecutor argues that the facts presented by the defense are incorrect or incomplete.<\/p><p>The files are then sent to the public prosecutor's office of the court of appeal, the public prosecutor's office if a higher regional court has jurisdiction or the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office if the Federal Supreme Court has jurisdiction.<\/p><p>The latter is now filing an appeal.<\/p><p>In the event of a time limit being exceeded, this may be aimed at dismissing the appeal as inadmissible by means of a ruling.<\/p><p>In the event that the appeal prosecutor applies for the appeal to be dismissed as unfounded by way of an order - even if only partially - the court can do so with a unanimous decision. In practice, this is by far the most common option, and one that regularly causes appeals by the defense to fail.<\/p><p>The defense is given the opportunity to submit a counterstatement within two weeks.<\/p><p>In the event that the appellate public prosecutor, in agreement with the defense, requests that the judgment be set aside, the appellate court may also decide by order.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The main appeal hearing<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\"><p>A main appeal hearing shall take place if the public prosecutor's office has requested that a main appeal hearing be held or if the court of appeal considers it necessary to hold such a hearing contrary to the requests of the public prosecutor's office, either because no unanimous decision has been reached or because it intends to set aside or correct - at least in part - the judgment under appeal.<\/p><p>The main appeal hearing has nothing whatsoever to do with the main hearing as it takes place at first instance or on appeal.<\/p><p>After the rapporteur's presentation, the defense and the public prosecutor's office and, if applicable, the accessory prosecution make their pleas. The complainant is heard first.<\/p><p>At the request of the defense and possibly without, the plea to be delivered is interrupted by the appellate court and a legal discussion ensues.<\/p><p>It is true that the accused who is not in custody has a right to be present at the main appeal hearing. However, despite the right to the last word, it is not advisable to exercise this right. The main appeal hearing is simply too special and at the same time demands such a high level of concentration from the defense that the presence of the accused usually does more harm than good.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1207\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1207\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The decision of the Court of Appeal<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1207\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1207\"><p>Only if the public prosecutor's office has also lodged an appeal, if applicable, does the prohibition of deterioration in the appeal instance (\u201ereformatio in peius\u201c) not apply.<\/p><p>As a rule, the court of appeal does not make its own decision.<\/p><p>If the judgment is overturned - possibly with the underlying findings - the case is referred back to another division or another panel of the court whose judgment was overturned. If the appeal is successful, the case must then be heard again in the previous instance.<\/p><p>In very rare cases, however, the court of appeal decides itself.<\/p><p>If the findings of the challenged judgment do not support a conviction of the defendant and the proceedings are ready for acquittal, the appellate court must acquit the defendant. This also applies to a partial acquittal. In the event that there are irremediable procedural obstacles, the appellate court must decide to discontinue the proceedings. If a life sentence is to be imposed as a point penalty, the court of appeal must also do this itself. At the request of the public prosecutor's office, the court of appeal may also impose the statutory minimum sentence. Under the same conditions, a waiver of punishment is also possible if the law permits this for the case to be decided.<\/p><p>Even if the challenged judgment suffers from deficiencies in the area of sentencing, the court of appeal may refrain from setting aside the judgment if the sentence imposed is nevertheless appropriate. At the request of the public prosecutor's office, it can reduce the legal consequences appropriately.<\/p><p>In the event that the challenged judgment suffers from an error in the formation of a total penalty, the court of appeal has the option, instead of setting aside the judgment, to refer it to the court that pronounced the challenged judgment in accordance with Sections 460 and 462 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. This court will then recalculate the total sentence.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1208\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1208\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The public prosecutor's appeal<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1208\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1208\"><p>If the public prosecutor files an appeal, the defense can also submit a counterstatement to the public prosecutor's grounds for appeal within one week.<\/p><p>Appeals by the public prosecutor's office are generally decided by judgment, as the public prosecutor's office on appeal practically never requests that the public prosecutor's appeal be dismissed by unanimous decision.<\/p><p>If the public prosecutor's office and the defense have filed an appeal, the appellate court can make a split decision and reject the defense's appeal by unanimous decision at the request of the appellate public prosecutor's office. A main hearing will then only take place in response to the appeal by the public prosecutor's office.<\/p><p><b>9 The appeal by the joint plaintiff<\/b><\/p><p>With regard to the appeal by the joint plaintiff, the special feature is that the objective of the appeal must be specified precisely and only consist of the defendant being convicted of those offenses for which he was acquitted or for those offenses for which he was not convicted.<\/p><p>The appeal by the joint plaintiff cannot be aimed at the defendant being punished more severely than he was.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec06833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ec06833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b8f15b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3b8f15b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2271\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2271\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> II. appeal on points of law: The defense <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2271\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f90771 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f90771\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2271\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ecc0a4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5ecc0a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0f79bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"f0f79bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Appeal defense in the instance<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2521\"><p>The defense of a defendant must be geared towards a potential appeal well before the verdict is prepared.<\/p><p>First of all, the deadline for filing the grounds of appeal is already very tight at one month. If a comprehensive statement of grounds of appeal is required, there may simply not be enough time to prepare it in time and it is advisable to start drafting it at an earlier stage, possibly even before the judgment has been pronounced.<\/p><p>The case law of the Federal Court of Justice on the so-called preclusion of objections also states that prohibitions on the use of evidence must already be raised in the respective instance so that the defense can be heard with its submission in the appeal instance.<\/p><p>In addition, it is advisable to submit motions for evidence and other motions in their entirety in the respective instance in such a way that, in the event of their rejection, procedural objections in this regard or, if necessary, an accompanying complaint for clarification are likely to be successful.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>Requests for evidence should be made in such a way that, if the facts put to the test are proven, the court is required to assess the evidence in favor of the defendant or that an assessment of evidence to the disadvantage of the defendant can be challenged with an objection to the assessment of evidence.<\/p><p>As a general rule, if a serious appeal defense is to be prepared, all necessary motions should be filed in the instance.<\/p><p>If the defense strategy is to prevent the conviction of the defendant - possibly with regard to individual charges - it is also necessary to ensure that the exercise of procedural rights is properly documented. It is not uncommon for the defense to \u201edocument\u201c the main hearing in the form of such motions, which are then printed out and signed in court using a portable printer for better legibility.<\/p><p>However, such a defense \u201ein the instance\u201c can often not be guaranteed by a single person defending the accused.<\/p><p>The better the preparatory work done by the defense in the instance, the more likely it is that an appeal will be successful.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Examination of the prospects of success<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2522\"><p>If the appeal on points of law is not only intended to delay the judgment becoming final - for example because the defendant wants to delay going to prison - it is advisable to first check the prospects of success of the appeal on points of law, not only to avoid unnecessary legal fees.<\/p><p>Only then will the appeal defense decide, in agreement with the defendant, on which points the appeal should be based.<\/p><p>If the appeal is too broad and extensive, there is a risk that the extensive formal requirements for procedural objections to be raised will not be met due to the existing time pressure. The court of appeal may not even consider an overly comprehensive appeal in its entirety.<\/p><p>If the appeal is based on too few complaints or arguments, there is a risk that the appeal defense may lose successful defense options.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Material complaint<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2523\"><p>Whether a substantive complaint is raised can only be assessed on the basis of the judgment as the result of the proceedings.<\/p><p>The criminal judgment must be read many times and compared with the relevant provisions in order to determine whether it violates substantive law.<\/p><p>Particularly common are complaints on the merits due to an erroneous assessment of evidence or errors in sentencing, as well as in the subsumption of the established facts under the applicable criminal offense, i.e. the question of whether the defendant is liable to prosecution for the offense with which he is charged. Procedural obstacles and the lack of procedural requirements can also often make it difficult to raise a successful substantive complaint.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Procedural complaint<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2524\"><p>In order to find out whether a procedural complaint can be successfully raised, it is first necessary to study the complete files. This is the only way to determine whether the court has comprehensively and correctly fulfilled its duties to ensure that the judgment is correct.<\/p><p>Detailed discussions with the defendant may also be necessary.<\/p><p>This is particularly the case if the court has only partially assessed or exhaustively dealt with elements of the actual facts of the case or if elements of the main hearing were not taken into account in the judgment.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Preparation of the grounds for appeal<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2525\"><p>The substantive complaint can generally be raised with the complaint of a violation of substantive law in all generality. However, there is a risk that the specific infringements of the law to be objected to will go unnoticed by the court of appeal. It is therefore advisable to provide more detailed reasons for the substantive complaint.<\/p><p>In the case of a procedural complaint, the procedural facts justifying the violation of the law must be presented, which is already extremely demanding.<\/p><p>Insofar as this has to be done so precisely and so completely that the procedural error can only be examined on the basis of the statements of objection, this regularly requires some scope.<\/p><p>It is not only necessary to submit the wording of all motions and decisions, which also requires some technical experience in order to be included in the grounds of appeal. It must also be submitted that the objection is not precluded, e.g. that a prohibition on the use of evidence was asserted in good time or that a motion to recuse was filed without delay or a complaint regarding the composition of the court was filed in good time in accordance with Section 222a of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Finally, all such facts must also be presented that speak for the existence of an exceptional circumstance and could remove the basis for the complaint (so-called negative facts). Finally, all parts of the file that are even only indirectly relevant to the merits of the complaint must be disclosed.<\/p><p>Insofar as the appeal is not based on absolute grounds for appeal in accordance with Section 338 of the German Criminal Code (StGB), a statement must also be made on the basis of the incorrect application of the law.<\/p><p>In the case of procedural objections based on relative grounds of appeal, it must be shown that the outcome of the proceedings would have been different if they had been free of legal error. This cannot generally be ruled out if the court wrongly refused to grant a request for evidence, if the right to ask questions and make statements was not granted, if the last word was not granted and if evidence that could not be used was used. Rest is often affirmed if procedural acts are omitted which have an important orientation function for the parties to the proceedings, e.g. failure to summon the defense counsel, failure to read out the indictment, failure to provide necessary information and failure to inform witnesses of their right to refuse to testify. Based on the case law of the Federal Constitutional Court, in the case of violations of procedural regulations regarding notification, an absolute ground for appeal is practically always affirmed.<\/p><p>On the other hand, the requirements for the submission on the merits are significantly lower in the case of complaints regarding the violation of substantive law. Finally, a correct application of the law - compared to an incorrect one - usually results in a different verdict of guilty or legal consequences.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfca14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bfca14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1927169793\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169793\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b0972e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b0972e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e676c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"90e676c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e1c9cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"2e1c9cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-4830\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-4830\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> I. The course of proceedings <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4830\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54ae686 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54ae686\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4830\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f409d31 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f409d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4830\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39586f2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39586f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4830\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-beb725d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"beb725d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eef7b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4eef7b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I. The course of proceedings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2547d5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2547d5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6c7d97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d6c7d97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Criminal defense covers various stages of criminal proceedings. As criminal defense lawyers, we are always on hand to provide you with professional advice.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa3cf61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fa3cf61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ae4ace elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"5ae4ace\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The investigation procedure<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9531\"><p>In formal terms, criminal proceedings begin with the preliminary investigation.<\/p><p>This serves to determine whether there is sufficient suspicion against a defendant, i.e. whether it is more likely than not that he will be found guilty by a court of the offense with which he is charged.<\/p><p>Both the public prosecutor's office and the police are obliged and authorized to conduct investigations, the police - or other investigating authorities - if necessary on the instructions of the public prosecutor's office.<\/p><p>In particular, they may question the accused and witnesses and request information of all kinds from the authorities.<\/p><p>The public prosecutor's office can also commission expert opinions, consult other criminal files and submit requests for legal assistance to other states.<\/p><p>Other open investigative measures include house searches of the accused or other persons, usually accompanied by confiscation in the event that items to be surrendered are not handed over voluntarily for seizure. Identification measures can be carried out (photographs, fingerprints) and, in addition to other physical searches and examinations (in particular the taking of blood), body cells can be taken in order to carry out molecular genetic comparisons and store the DNA pattern of a suspect in the DNA analysis file at the Federal Criminal Police Office. Broad-based investigative measures are also possible, in particular dragnet searches, the establishment of checkpoints in publicly accessible locations, alerts for observation during police checks, automatic license plate recognition and serial DNA testing.<\/p><p>In addition, various covert investigative measures can be considered, in particular telecommunications surveillance including the collection of traffic data and inventory data, online searches, acoustic surveillance inside (\u201elarge-scale eavesdropping attack\u201c) and outside of homes (\u201esmall-scale eavesdropping attack\u201c), surveillance including the taking of images and the use of technical means, as well as the seizure of mail. Using so-called IMSI catchers, the location of a mobile device can be determined as well as its device identification number (IMEI) and the card ID of the SIM card inserted in it (IMSI).<\/p><p>Finally, the use of undercover investigators or police officers who are not openly investigating can also be considered, as well as the use of trusted persons and the acquisition of information via informants.<\/p><p>If it is reasonable to assume that a defendant has obtained something through or for unlawful acts, such items can be confiscated directly from him or property detention can be ordered. In the course of this, items of value and claims can be seized and compulsory mortgages can also be entered in the land register.<\/p><p>The potentially most drastic measure in pre-trial proceedings is the imposition of pre-trial detention.<\/p><p>In its investigations, the public prosecutor's office is required to investigate not only the circumstances incriminating the accused, but also all exculpatory circumstances. Exculpatory requests for evidence by the accused or his defense counsel must be followed up if their subject matter is relevant.<\/p><p>If the public prosecutor's office comes to the conclusion that there is sufficient suspicion of a crime, it files charges with the competent court. Jurisdiction depends on the seriousness of the charge. The single or juvenile court judge has the power to impose sentences of up to two years. The court of lay assessors or juvenile court can impose sentences of up to four years. These two courts are located at the local courts. If the sentencing power of the court of lay assessors is not sufficient or if placement in a psychiatric hospital or in preventive detention comes into consideration, the large criminal chambers at the regional courts are responsible at first instance.<\/p><p>If, in the opinion of the public prosecutor's office, there is no sufficient suspicion of a crime, it will discontinue the investigation for lack of suspicion in accordance with Section 170 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.<\/p><p>Alternatively, the preliminary proceedings may be discontinued in deviation from the obligation to prosecute criminal offenses for so-called opportunity reasons, in particular due to minor guilt pursuant to Section 153 of the Code of Criminal Procedure or due to minor guilt subject to conditions and instructions pursuant to Section 153a of the Code of Criminal Procedure or because the expected penalty does not appear to be significant in view of a penalty that the defendant is already facing in other proceedings or to which he has already been sentenced, or because the penalty in the other proceedings appears to be sufficient.<\/p><p>A penalty order is served on the defendant without a trial and not only states the offense for which he is found guilty, but also orders a legal consequence, usually the imposition of a fine or a suspended prison sentence.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The interim procedure<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9532\"><p>Once the preliminary investigation has been concluded by the public prosecutor's office filing charges and until the main proceedings are opened, the interim proceedings are conducted. In this stage of the proceedings, the court at which the indictment was filed examines again whether there is sufficient suspicion of a crime. When the indictment is served, the court grants the accused a period of time to raise objections to the opening of the main proceedings and to apply for evidence to be taken. In the event that there are obstacles to the proceedings or there is a lack of procedural requirements, the proceedings must be discontinued temporarily (Section 205 StPO) or definitively (Section 206a StPO).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>If the court deviates from the opinion of the public prosecutor's office and does not consider there to be an urgent suspicion, it will refuse to open the main proceedings.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The main procedure<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9533\"><p>If the competent court comes to the conclusion that there is sufficient suspicion, the main proceedings are opened and, as a rule, main hearing dates are scheduled and the accused, his defense and the witnesses of the proceedings and, if necessary, experts are summoned.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>The main hearing begins with the establishment of attendance and the questioning of the defendant about his personal circumstances. The representative of the public prosecutor's office then reads out the indictment and the defendant then has the opportunity to comment on the charges. This is followed by the taking of evidence. Evidence in criminal proceedings includes the defendant's statement, the examination of witnesses and experts, the reading of documents and the inspection of other evidence.<\/p><p>In particular, the defendant and his defence counsel as well as the public prosecutor have the right to ask questions of witnesses and experts, to object to the conduct of the trial by the presiding judge and to submit motions for evidence as well as to object to one of the judges on the grounds of bias. The accused also has the right to summon experts and witnesses to the main hearing. After each hearing of evidence, the accused and his defense must be given the opportunity to make a statement. In particular, this is the point in time at which a prohibition on the use of evidence must be asserted at the latest.<\/p><p>After the hearing of evidence has been concluded, the public prosecutor and the defense are given the opportunity to make pleas. The defendant then has the last word.<\/p><p>The court then retires to deliberate and pronounces judgment, either convicting or acquitting the defendant or, exceptionally, dismissing the proceedings if there are procedural obstacles.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The legal consequences<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9534\"><p>The main penalties under German criminal law are fines and custodial sentences, i.e. imprisonment in a correctional facility, with either closed or open detention being the standard form of imprisonment, depending on the federal state.<\/p><p>Prison sentences of less than 6 months are only imposed in exceptional cases. Prison sentences can be suspended on probation and do not have to be served. As a rule, conditions or instructions are imposed when a custodial sentence is suspended.<\/p><p>Fines are imposed in daily rates, whereby a daily rate should represent the daily net income. As a secondary penalty, German law only recognizes a driving ban of up to three months in accordance with \u00a7 44 StGB.<\/p><p>While penalties are the consequence of the guilt realized by a criminal offence, it is also possible to impose measures of correction and security that serve to protect the general public and\/or improve the condition of a convicted person and are ordered on the basis of a dangerousness prognosis.<\/p><p>Particularly relevant in practice are the measures of disqualification from driving under Section 69 StGB in connection with traffic offenses and placement in a rehab facility under Section 64 StGB if offenses were committed due to narcotics addiction. In the case of mental defects, placement in a psychiatric hospital pursuant to Section 63 StGB may be considered and preventive detention pursuant to Section 66 StGB for particularly dangerous repeat offenders. Finally, a professional ban in accordance with Section 70 StGB may be considered if the offense was committed in abuse of a profession or trade.<\/p><p>In addition to penalties and sanctions, a conviction can also result in the confiscation of proceeds of crime if it has been established that the defendant has obtained something through or for an unlawful act.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Appeal and revision<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9535\"><p>Appeals and appeals on points of law are admissible against decisions of the local courts; in particular, an appeal on points of law can also be lodged directly against a judgment, which is then referred to as a leap-frog appeal. In these cases, the appeal takes place before the regional court, the revision before the higher regional court. Judgments of the regional courts and higher regional courts can only be appealed on points of law. The Federal Court of Justice has jurisdiction in this case.<\/p><p>The appeal instances of appeal and revision differ fundamentally.<\/p><p>The appeal instance is another so-called factual instance.<\/p><p>The appeal chambers at the regional courts are responsible.<\/p><p>Put simply, in the main appeal hearing, the proceedings are conducted again as in the first instance, insofar as the appeal has been lodged.<\/p><p>Instead of reading out the indictment, the court gives a presentation on the course of the proceedings to date and reads out the judgment at first instance, insofar as this is relevant.<\/p><p>As a rule, all witnesses and experts must be summoned and heard again. Only if witnesses and experts are not heard again is it permissible to read out their statements from the previous instance.<\/p><p>New evidence can be introduced into the proceedings.<\/p><p>Insofar as the Court of Appeal finds the appeal to be well-founded, it sets aside the judgment at first instance and rules on the merits of the case, setting aside the judgment.<\/p><p>The appeal instance, on the other hand, is a so-called purely legal instance in which only the judgment as such and, if applicable, the way it was reached are examined for legal errors.<\/p><p>In the event that proceedings are not discontinued or the defendant is acquitted, the sentence is enforced once the judgment has become final. The public prosecutor's offices, which also acted as the investigating or prosecuting authority, are responsible for enforcement. However, those responsible for enforcement are predominantly judicial officers and not public prosecutors.<\/p><p>Unless only a fine has been imposed, this necessarily includes the execution of custodial sentences in prisons and the execution of measures involving deprivation of liberty. While placement in a psychiatric hospital in accordance with Section 63 StGB and placement in a detention facility in accordance with Section 64 StGB are carried out in forensic clinics, preventive detention in accordance with Section 66 StGB is carried out in separate prisons or in general prisons but in separate wards.<\/p><p>Fines and court costs are enforced in accordance with the provisions of the Judicial Recovery Act. The public prosecutor's office essentially has the same options as a creditor under civil law to recover a legally established claim. Fines can be paid in installments. Alternatively, a convicted person can also perform community service. As soon as a fine is irrecoverable, i.e. if it cannot be collected by means of compulsory enforcement, the enforcement of a substitute custodial sentence is ordered. Its length corresponds to the number of daily rates imposed. The convicted person serves the substitute custodial sentence in prison.<\/p><p>If the confiscation of assets has been ordered in the judgment, these are also enforced by the judicial officer of the competent public prosecutor's office. Here too, the public prosecutor's office essentially has the same options available to it that can be used to enforce enforce enforceable civil law claims. In the event that the convicted person still has assets, the judicial officer can also initiate insolvency proceedings against the convicted person to compensate injured parties. Claims by the state treasury against a convicted person are not covered by a discharge of residual debt, nor are claims by injured parties, provided that it has been established by a court that their claim is based on an intentional, unlawful act.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-4831\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-4831\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> II The defense <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4831\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebe2689 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ebe2689\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4831\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccbf16f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ccbf16f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4831\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6f8db2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b6f8db2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-192522c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"192522c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">II The defense<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-469e6dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"469e6dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03950ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"03950ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Since the defense in the preliminary, interim and main proceedings in the first instance and possibly in the appeal instance can be technically very similar, this is referred to as the so-called instance defense.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-351336e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"351336e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3249d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a3249d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In general, it is advisable to hire a defense lawyer as soon as possible.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a855c47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a855c47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d59e8bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d59e8bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The fundamental difference between a public defender of choice and a public defender is that the public defender of choice is chosen and remunerated directly by the client and the public defender receives his remuneration from the state treasury. The person concerned must be given the opportunity to nominate a public defender of his choice. If he does not make use of this opportunity, a public defender will be assigned to him at the discretion of the competent court - in the event of urgency at the discretion of the public prosecutor's office.<\/p><p>Defense lawyers of choice already receive higher fees for their work than public defense lawyers under the German Lawyers' Fees Act (Rechtsanwaltsverg\u00fctungsgesetz). However, even the fees payable to defense lawyers of choice under the Lawyers' Fees Act are not suitable for providing an optimal defense in economic terms.<\/p><p>As a rule, close\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sittig.law\/en\/strafverteidiger-hamburg-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Criminal defense lawyer<\/a>\u00a0The lawyers conclude fee agreements with their clients that provide for flat fees for individual stages of the proceedings or activities or regulate hourly rates.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-754cfe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"754cfe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Defense in preliminary proceedings<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\"><p><b>1. before it is certain that criminal proceedings have been initiated<\/b><\/p><p>If the client merely fears that he is being investigated, an overview is first provided of how the public prosecutor's office and the investigating authorities conduct investigations. Depending on the offense concerned, this can vary greatly, as well as depending on which investigating authority is likely to be responsible and therefore investigating.<\/p><p>Insofar as criminal liability for tax offenses is involved, it is possible to obtain immunity from prosecution under limited conditions by making a full voluntary disclosure in accordance with Section 371 AO. Regardless of whether the client regrets having submitted incorrect tax returns or whether he becomes aware of the fact that taxes have been reduced or evaded through no fault of his own, he must be informed of the requirements for obtaining immunity from prosecution and the requirements for a voluntary disclosure exempting him from prosecution.<\/p><p>Incidentally, it is not uncommon to be able to guess that an investigation may have been initiated, for example because a criminal complaint has been threatened or because it can be inferred from the media that certain investigations are taking place. In this context, it is worth remembering the acquisition of the so-called tax evader CD via the Federal Intelligence Service in 2006 or the \u201eAction Day\u201c in 2021, on the occasion of which it became known that server data from numerous crypto cell phone providers can be viewed by investigating authorities. However, the client may also suspect that he is being investigated because he has made observations that lead him to conclude that he is being covertly investigated.<\/p><p>The client's first consultation will usually be the same as the one provided by a defense lawyer if<\/p><p><b>2. the initial consultation<br \/><\/b><\/p><p>It is not uncommon for a client to only become aware of the fact that an investigation is being conducted against him when he is summoned by the police for questioning or when the public prosecutor writes to him and gives him the opportunity to comment on the allegations made against him. It is not uncommon for them to only become aware of this when their home is searched.<\/p><p>Regardless of whether there is certainty of preliminary proceedings or not, the client is informed of the conditions under which certain coercive measures may be taken, in particular searches, seizures and pre-trial detention, and how to behave in order to avoid these measures if necessary and how to behave if they take place.<\/p><p>If it is suspected that something has been obtained through or for unlawful acts, an investigation is also carried out to determine under what conditions and to what extent assets can be frozen.<\/p><p>If the client fears covert investigation measures, an overview must be provided of which covert investigation measures are permissible and under what conditions. In particular, an overview is provided of the techniques that can be used to covertly investigate the client.<\/p><p>They must also be instructed on how to behave if identification measures are to be taken or if they are to be physically examined, in particular for the purpose of taking blood samples or cell material for molecular genetic testing.<\/p><p><b>3. conduct towards investigating authorities<\/b><\/p><p>Finally, it should be explained how one should generally behave towards investigating authorities.<\/p><p>The principle of not making any statements to investigating authorities applies, at least not without consulting a defense lawyer<\/p><p>The U. S: Supreme Court even got carried away with the following statement in Watts.vs, Indiana, 338 U. S., 49 (1949):<\/p><p>(...) any lawyer worth his salt will tell the suspect in no uncertain terms to make no statement to police under any circumstances.<\/p><p>(\u2026)<\/p><p>Any lawyer who has ever been called into a case after his client has \u201etold all\u201c and turned any evidence he has over to the Government knows how helpless he is to protect his client against the facts thus disclosed.<\/p><p>In general, it should be noted that an accused person only has to provide information about their identity and in most cases has to undergo identification measures (usually only photographs and fingerprints).<\/p><p>As a general rule, instructions from officials should always be followed. Consent to acts of cooperation of any kind should never be given.<\/p><p><b>4. inspection of files<\/b><\/p><p>As a first step after concluding the mandate agreement, the defense lawyer will report the defense of his client and request access to the files. It may turn out in the further course of the investigation proceedings that this must also be extended to files unrelated to the proceedings if they are related to the client's proceedings. The public prosecutor's office is obliged to grant the defense lawyer access to the files as soon as possible. As long as the investigations have not yet been completed, however, it may withhold such parts of the file that would jeopardize the purpose of the investigation until the investigations have been completed. The only exceptions to this are records of the questioning of the accused and judicial investigative acts at which the defense counsel must be permitted to be present, as well as expert opinions.<\/p><p>He will make the file available to the client so that he can familiarize himself with the status of the investigation. The defense strategy is then developed on the basis of additional information from the client and, if necessary, the defense lawyer's own investigations - in particular by interviewing witnesses and commissioning private investigators as well as obtaining expert opinions.<\/p><p><b>5. presence of the defense counsel during individual investigative acts<\/b><\/p><p>In pre-trial proceedings, the defense counsel has the right to be present at judicial hearings of witnesses or experts and to participate by asking questions himself or objecting to those of the public prosecutor's office or the court (Section 168c (2) StPO). According to the prevailing opinion, this also applies to the questioning of co-defendants, as well as in the event that the questioning of a defendant takes place in the absence of those entitled to be present and is transmitted by video and audio (section 168e sentence 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). The defense counsel also has the right to be present when the court takes an inspection (Section 168d (1) StPO).<\/p><p>The defense counsel also has a right to be present during the questioning of the accused by the public prosecutor (Section 163a (3) sentence 2 in conjunction with Section 168c (2) StPO), as well as during police questioning of the accused (Section<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>6. the defense strategy<\/b><\/p><p>For a successful defense, it is crucial that the defense strategy is determined as early as possible and then implemented. This usually requires access to the complete case file. However, particularly in large-scale proceedings, the public prosecutor's office will withhold the complete file until the indictment is issued. In these cases, the following statements apply with the restriction that a final defense strategy can only be approached in the best possible way during the preliminary proceedings through discussions between defense counsel and client by anticipating potential evidence results from the investigations of the public prosecutor's office.<\/p><p>If it is foreseeable that the preliminary proceedings cannot be terminated by discontinuing them or applying for a summary penalty order, the defense strategy will regularly consist of influencing the later stages of the proceedings, in particular the main proceedings, as favorably as possible.<\/p><p><b>6.1 Defense \u201efrom the file\u201c<\/b><\/p><p>When developing the defense strategy, the first step is to assess whether the case files themselves provide factual or legal defense approaches that ideally eliminate sufficient suspicion or justify procedural obstacles, so that further considerations are not necessary.<\/p><p>In this case, the content of the file itself is simply used to achieve the desired defense goal by the defense lawyer evaluating the file in factual and legal terms. For example, it can be argued on a case-by-case basis that even if it is assumed that the defendant did what he is accused of, there is no criminal conduct or that the allegations cannot be proven<\/p><p>Individual results of evidence may also be subject to prohibitions on the use of evidence, meaning that they may not be taken into account. However, if procedural errors that have led to prohibitions on the use of evidence can still be rectified in the investigation proceedings, consideration should be given to only asserting these at a later date.<\/p><p><b>6.2 Requests for evidence<\/b><\/p><p>If this is not the case or if it is to be anticipated that further investigation results will be filed, the next step is to consider whether a procedural situation can be created through motions for evidence that lack sufficient suspicion or in which a discontinuation can be considered for reasons of expediency, in particular against conditions and instructions in accordance with Section 153a of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It may be necessary to wait and see whether any motions for evidence submitted will produce the result that is expected of you. In individual cases, it may therefore also make sense to first file certain motions for evidence and, depending on their outcome, to file further motions afterwards.<\/p><p>As a general rule, only requests for evidence whose outcome is foreseeable should be made.<\/p><p><b>6.3 Admission<\/b><\/p><p>If this approach alone is not or only partially promising, it must be considered whether it makes sense for the accused to make a statement. Both a full or partial plea and a denying plea may be considered.<\/p><p>It should be noted that both a denying and a (only) partially confessing plea can lead to an aggravated sentence for the defendant in the event of a conviction. It therefore makes sense to simply not make any statements instead of making a denial.<\/p><p>If the mitigating effect of a confessional statement makes it seem obvious or likely that a defense objective can be achieved, there may be a lot to be said for making such a statement, especially if a dismissal is sought for reasons of expediency or to avoid a trial by issuing a summary penalty order. However, if a confessional statement fails to achieve such an objective, it will be difficult to credibly deviate from it in further proceedings.<\/p><p>Only in the rarest of cases will it be possible to credibly withdraw a plea. The content of a plea must therefore be carefully considered.<\/p><p>Although an early confession is often considered to have a particularly mitigating effect on punishment, it must be weighed up in each individual case whether this does not obscure potential defense approaches.<\/p><p>A special feature applies if there is a constellation in which the accused can make use of a leniency program (\u00a7\u00a7 31 BtmG, 46b StGB), which may result in the applicable sentencing range being postponed. A statement that can be used to clarify or prevent offenses beyond one's own contribution to the crime is only possible with a penalty-shifting effect until the main proceedings are opened. Such statements regularly make sense, especially in preliminary proceedings.<\/p><p><b>6.4 Discussions with the public prosecutor's office<\/b><\/p><p>The public prosecutor's office can discuss the status of the proceedings with the defense in accordance with Section 160b of the Code of Criminal Procedure.<\/p><p>According to the provisions of Section 257c of the Code of Criminal Procedure, a plea bargain in which a maximum sentence is agreed in the event of a confession or - exceptionally - certain trial conduct is generally reserved for the interim and main proceedings, as the court must be involved in this. The practice of agreeing certain maximum sentences in exchange for a confession and\/or the incrimination of other persons has been prevented by the fundamental decision of the Federal Constitutional Court, judgment of 19.03.2013, 2 BvR 2628\/10.<\/p><p>Nevertheless, if binding agreements have been made between the defense and the public prosecutor's office in accordance with Section 160b of the Code of Criminal Procedure, one side can no longer easily break away from them.<\/p><p>Only in rare cases will it be advisable to make a confession in the context of a police or public prosecutor's interrogation, e.g. to emphasize the credibility of the information or because questions are involved that require special expertise and are therefore easier to discuss in the context of the dynamics of a question-and-answer game.<\/p><p><b>7 The defense brief<\/b><\/p><p>In addition to police and public prosecutor questioning, the main instrument of the defense in preliminary proceedings is the statement of defense,<\/p><p>The statement of defense is usually opened with a statement of the defense for the understanding of the proceedings.<\/p><p>If this appears appropriate in the individual case, this will be followed by a statement by the accused, which can also be supplemented or replaced by a presentation by the defense. Contrary to the defendant's statement, defense submissions are not the defendant's own statements, but those of the defense itself. As a rule, they are supported by evidence attached to the statement of defense, in particular documents and eyewitness evidence. In particular, this may also include witness interviews conducted and documented by the defense, as well as private expert opinions or evidence provided by private investigators.<\/p><p>However, a statement of defense is not a mandatory component of the statement of defense. Instead, it can also consist solely of an evaluation of the file in factual or legal terms, as well as motions for evidence or another combination of all these elements.<\/p><p>Particularly in proceedings of considerable scope, it can make sense to first wait and see which offenses are charged by the public prosecutor's office and only then develop defense efforts in the interim proceedings.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Defense in interim proceedings<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\"><p><strong>1. conditions of the defense in interim proceedings<\/strong><\/p><p>A defense in interim proceedings usually takes place if a defendant does not consult a criminal defense lawyer until after the charges have been filed or if the public prosecutor's office files charges without waiting for submissions from the defense. Only in the event of a blatantly incorrect assessment by the public prosecutor's office will the court not open the main proceedings. In this case, however, the public prosecutor's office has the option of filing a new and, in all probability, modified indictment.<\/p><p>The interim proceedings basically offer the same defense options as the preliminary proceedings. However, if the defense lawyer was already active in the preliminary proceedings, he will have exhausted the available options within the framework of these proceedings. Only in the event that the strategy in the preliminary proceedings consisted - in whole or in part - of awaiting the indictment from the public prosecutor's office will it be possible to make substantive statements in order to persuade the court not to open the main proceedings.<\/p><p>Even at this stage, proceedings can be discontinued at any time for reasons of expediency. However, this requires the consent of the public prosecutor's office. The public prosecutor's office will only accept an offer from the public prosecutor's office to discontinue the proceedings for reasons of opportunity - usually in accordance with Section 153a of the German Criminal Code (StGB) in return for conditions and instructions - if the accused has rejected this offer or if no defense activities have yet been undertaken in the preliminary proceedings. By bringing the charges, it has ultimately expressed that it considers a conviction to be predominantly probable.<\/p><p><strong>2. defense against the legal assessment of the public prosecutor's office<\/strong><\/p><p>A statement of defense in interlocutory proceedings can thus already oppose the legal assessment of the public prosecutor's office and complain that the accused's conduct is not punishable.<\/p><p>In individual cases, it may also make sense to define the accusation more narrowly with the aim of opening the main proceedings only for individual accusations or legally deviating from the indictment (Section 207 (2) no. 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). The aim may also be to open the proceedings before a lower-ranking court (Section 209 (1) StPO), not least because its criminal jurisdiction is more limited and, in the event that proceedings are opened before the local court, a further factual instance is also available in the form of appeal proceedings.<\/p><p><strong>3. defense against the factual assessment of the public prosecutor's office<\/strong><\/p><p>It may be possible to argue against the factual assessment of the public prosecutor's office that, when drafting the indictment, it only took into account the evidence that speaks in favor of the perpetrator. The defense will then have to deal in detail with any circumstances arising from the files.<\/p><p>In particular, it may be advisable to present prohibitions on the use of evidence if the court is seeking to clarify them in open court proceedings.<\/p><p>If, for tactical reasons, motions for evidence regarding exculpatory evidence were withheld until the indictment, these may now be filed. If no defense activities have yet been initiated in the preliminary proceedings, this should be done in the interim proceedings at the latest.<\/p><p>In individual cases, an application for the examination of individual witnesses may also have been postponed because the defense is seeking a judicial hearing in which they themselves may participate and also address questions to the witness (Section 168 (2) sentence 2 StPO).<\/p><p>Finally, it will be necessary to apply for an expert opinion at this stage of the proceedings if it has not yet been followed up in the preliminary proceedings or if an expert opinion has been issued that is unfavorable to the defendant. In this case, an application can still be made to obtain a second or higher expert opinion in the interim proceedings.<\/p><p><strong>4. defense against the taking of evidence by the court<\/strong><\/p><p>The court is authorized to conduct its own investigations pursuant to Section 202 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in interim proceedings.<\/p><p>However, the court must refrain from such investigations if the suspicion of a crime can be affirmed or denied based on the contents of the file. It is not possible to repeat the investigation procedure.<\/p><p>If such efforts on the part of the court become apparent, the defense must counteract them.<\/p><p><strong>5. agreements in the interim proceedings<\/strong><\/p><p>Discussions with the court and the public prosecutor's office - possibly in a personal hearing with all parties to the proceedings present - can be useful in interim proceedings.<\/p><p>Discussing the organizational and technical course of the main hearing already enables the defense to prepare for it more effectively.<\/p><p>It can be explored whether the court may be inclined to restrict the opening of the main proceedings.<\/p><p>It may also be decided whether a discontinuation for reasons of expediency could be considered. If this was previously rejected by the public prosecutor's office, they may be persuaded by the court to change their position.<\/p><p>The prospects of success of individual motions by the defense, in particular any motions for evidence, motions to stay proceedings or motions for referral, may also be investigated.<\/p><p>Furthermore, discussions can also be held in the interim proceedings with regard to a potential agreement in accordance with Section 257c of the Code of Criminal Procedure, although this is only binding if the lay assessors also take part.<\/p><p><strong>6 Jurisdiction and composition of the court<\/strong><\/p><p>In individual cases, it will be advisable to object to the jurisdiction of the court.<\/p><p>The local jurisdiction of the court may be objected to, on the one hand, so that proceedings are held at the defendant's place of residence for reasons of easier travel or, on the other hand, so that proceedings are held at a place other than the defendant's place of residence in order to avoid public attention.<\/p><p>Subject matter jurisdiction may be objected to above all if a trial before a court with lower criminal jurisdiction is considered. On the one hand, this serves to protect the defendant from punishment beyond the criminal jurisdiction of the lower court. On the other hand, he gains an instance if the proceedings are heard by the district court instead of the regional court. This complaint must be made in the interim proceedings. A court of a higher order cannot declare that it has no jurisdiction after the main proceedings have been opened because a court of a lower order would have jurisdiction.<\/p><p>Functional jurisdiction must be objected to if a case is considered to be best handled by either the general or the commercial criminal division of a regional court.<\/p><p>The notification of the composition of the court to the defendant triggers both the one-week deadline for lodging a complaint about the composition of the court and, from this point in time, an application for recusal of a judge in respect of whom the defendant has concerns about bias. Experts can also be rejected due to bias in the interim proceedings.<\/p><p>Whether such complaints and motions should be raised in interim proceedings must be discussed intensively between the defense lawyer and the client. The added value of such measures may be low in individual cases. The proceedings are delayed as a result, which may be in the client's interest in individual cases. At the same time, the resulting workload for the court may cause displeasure among its judges, which - depending on the defense strategy - may run counter to the concerns of the defense.<\/p><p><strong>7. procedural obstacles<\/strong><\/p><p>The focus of the defense in interim proceedings should be the assertion of procedural obstacles.<\/p><p>These can be clarified by the court in open court proceedings, which can be very advantageous in individual cases, e.g. when it comes to the question of the existence of an act of provocation contrary to the rule of law.<\/p><p>At the same time, the existence of procedural obstacles most certainly leads to the proceedings being discontinued either provisionally in accordance with Section 205 of the Code of Criminal Procedure or definitively in accordance with Section 206a of the Code of Criminal Procedure.<\/p><p><strong>7.1 Use in criminal proceedings<\/strong><\/p><p>A criminal action is deemed to have been dropped pursuant to Article 103 (3) of the German Basic Law in accordance with the principle of \u201ene bis in idem\u201c if the accused has already been convicted of the offense for which he or she is charged. With regard to misdemeanors, this also applies to dismissals pursuant to Art. 153 StPO and \u00a7 153a StPO. According to Art. 54 of the Schengen Agreement (SD\u00dc), convictions in other European countries also result in a lis pendens. The fact that criminal charges are pending elsewhere is in itself a procedural obstacle, as it can lead to double jeopardy.<\/p><p><strong>7.2 Statute of limitations<\/strong><\/p><p>The statute of limitations of accusations is also relevant in practice, which is obvious in the case of accusations with particularly short limitation periods, such as press content offenses and administrative offenses, on the one hand, and in the case of particularly large-scale and complex proceedings, such as white-collar criminal proceedings and criminal tax proceedings, on the other hand, which may take a long time.<\/p><p><strong>7.3 Inability to negotiate<\/strong><\/p><p>Equally important is the existence of a permanent or temporary inability to stand trial on the part of the accused. Capacity to stand trial is not only the ability to follow the proceedings. It also includes the ability to recognize the significance of the proceedings and individual procedural acts and to be able to defend oneself properly. Submissions in this regard will mainly be made on the basis of medical reports from the defendant's treating doctors and, if necessary, with the help of private medical reports. As a rule, the court will also appoint its own expert witness, if necessary, to examine the defendant's ability to stand trial.<\/p><p><strong>7.4 Prosecution contrary to the rule of law<\/strong><\/p><p>According to the now established case law of the Federal Court of Justice, there is also an obstacle to proceedings in the event of an act of provocation contrary to the rule of law. This is the case if a trusted police officer or an undercover investigator has a stimulating effect on an offender and thereby arouses their willingness to commit a crime or causes them to intensify their crime planning. This is the case if the influence is unjustifiably excessive in relation to the original suspicion of the crime. Such a constellation will regularly occur in proceedings in the area of organized crime, especially in narcotics proceedings.<\/p><p><strong>7.5 Delay in proceedings<\/strong><\/p><p>In very exceptional cases, a procedural impediment may also exist due to a procedural delay contrary to the rule of law. Not only procedural delays from the past must be taken into account, but also those that are foreseeable.<\/p><p><strong>7.6 Deficiencies in the indictment<\/strong><\/p><p>Deficiencies in the indictment can also lead to a procedural impediment. On the one hand, the indictment has a circumscribing function, i.e. it limits the subject matter of the proceedings in factual and personal terms, which the court has to decide on. On the other hand, it has an information function in that it informs the defendant of the accusations made against him.<\/p><p>In the event that the indictment does not fulfill its circumscribing function, it is ineffective and there is an obstacle to proceedings. In this case, the indictment does not have the effect of interrupting the limitation period. In the event of a breach of the duty to inform, however, there is only an obstacle to proceedings in exceptional and particularly serious cases.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Defense in the main hearing<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\"><p><strong>1. conditions of the main hearing<\/strong><\/p><p>The main proceedings are determined by the fact that the sentencing court has already established an overwhelming probability that the defendant will be convicted by opening the main proceedings.<\/p><p>The main hearing stage of the proceedings includes both the preparation and conduct of the trial, which, with the exception of proceedings against juveniles or the examination of witnesses who are particularly worthy of protection, takes place in public.<\/p><p><strong>2. preparation of the main hearing<\/strong><\/p><p>In the preparation of the main hearing, the defense lawyer essentially has the same defense options as in the preliminary proceedings and in the interim proceedings.<\/p><p>As an obstacle to the trial, the defense at this stage will in particular present any inability of the defendant to stand trial by means of medical certificates and, if necessary, expert opinions.<\/p><p>Furthermore, at this stage of the proceedings it is advisable to object to any lack of local jurisdiction of the court, which can then no longer be remedied by the public prosecutor's office withdrawing and re-filing the charges at the court with local jurisdiction because the main proceedings have been opened.<\/p><p>If a higher court has jurisdiction, the objection that the court does not have subject-matter jurisdiction leads to a referral to this court. The lack of subject matter jurisdiction of special criminal divisions (e.g. jury court or commercial criminal division) must be objected to and not examined ex officio.<\/p><p>If there is an obstacle to trial in the form of provocation, i.e. the provocation of the accused to commit criminal offenses by trusted persons or undercover police investigators with regard to such offenses that the accused was not readily prepared to commit, the questioning of such \u201eagents provocateurs\u201c must already be arranged in preparation for the main hearing.<\/p><p>After notification of the composition of the court, the defence must object to organizational deficiencies in its composition within one week so that the objection to composition does not expire. The objection to composition must state the facts from which the improper composition is to be derived. These result from the schedule of responsibilities and the resolutions of the Presiding Committee updating it, the documents appointing the presiding judge, the internal schedule of responsibilities, the list of lay assessors and assistant lay assessors, the documents on the election of lay assessors and the documents on incapacities and appointments of deputies. Since the defense can be referred to inspect these documents at the registry of the respective court and due to the time this usually takes, the decision as to whether an objection to appointment should be raised should be made much earlier so that the defense can be informed of the relevant legal situation in good time.<\/p><p>If a judge or expert witness is to be rejected - usually due to concerns of bias - this must be done immediately in the course of preparing the main hearing from the time of notification of the appointment or the expert witness appointed. Particular attention must be paid to the fact that the notification of appointment may only be effectively served on the defendant and that this sets the time limit in motion.<\/p><p>Requests for evidence are only to be decided by the presiding judge at the time of preparation for the main hearing. Motions for evidence are often used to sound out the chances of success of the defense strategy in the main hearing. They cannot fulfill this purpose at the stage of preparation for the main hearing, which is why they regularly make little sense at this time. In addition, the strategy of the defense is disclosed in haste so that the public prosecutor's office can also prepare for it,<\/p><p>The phase of preparation for the main hearing can be used by the defense in particular to summon witnesses and experts themselves in order to present them as evidence at the main hearing. This requires a formal summons by a bailiff and the expected expenses for the witnesses or experts must be presented in cash at the time of the summons or deposited with the registry of the recognizing court (not the depository). The summons is then binding in the same way as a court summons. The public prosecutor's office must be informed of this. Due to the considerable delay associated with the circumstances described above, it will hardly be possible for the defense to summon witnesses and experts in good time during an ongoing main hearing.<\/p><p>In addition, a discussion between the parties to the proceedings with the exclusion of the accused is particularly useful in proceedings of particular scope in order to discuss the course of the main hearing on the one hand and, if necessary, a possible formal agreement on the other.<\/p><p><strong>3. main hearing<\/strong><\/p><p>In the main hearing, the presiding judge is in charge of the case and thus determines the course of the main hearing. The defense has no influence on this in detail, but is essentially subject to the dictates of the presiding judge. The presiding judge also has the power to order the proceedings and can punish misconduct during the main hearing. The defense counsel alone is not subject to the session police.<\/p><p>In principle, the defense has little formal influence on the course of the main hearing.<\/p><p><strong>4. admission and statement coaching<\/strong><\/p><p>First of all, the defense can have a decisive influence on the main hearing by deciding - together with the defendant - whether the defendant will enter a plea and, if so, whether he will deny or confess.<\/p><p>A decision must also be made on the timing of the plea. With a well-thought-out defense strategy, this will generally have to take place at the beginning of the main hearing. Only in exceptional cases will it be necessary to wait for the testimony of individual witnesses in order to determine the content of a statement.<\/p><p>The plea can also be made by a statement of the defense, again purely orally or in writing.<\/p><p>The advantage of a written statement is that misunderstandings can be avoided from the outset.<\/p><p>A so-called verbatim record is kept before the single judge and the court of lay assessors. In the course of this, the main results of questioning are also recorded. There is always a risk that the defendant's statement will not be recorded correctly.<\/p><p>Hearings before the Regional Court and Higher Regional Court as a court of fact are not recorded. The advantage of a purely oral statement is that the defendant cannot be subsequently committed to it, for example in the course of later witness hearings in proceedings against other persons who may have been involved in the offense for which he was charged.<\/p><p>In the case of an oral statement by the defendant himself, the defense has the option of not answering questions from individual parties to the proceedings. In this way, it can prevent particularly provocative questioning by the public prosecutor's office or other defense lawyers and joint plaintiffs' representatives.<\/p><p>One of the essential instruments of the defense, although not regulated in the Code of Criminal Procedure, is testimony coaching, i.e. the preparation of an oral statement by the defendant himself.<\/p><p>Testimony coaching can be considered for both denying and confessing statements, but will regularly be offered in the case of a confessing statement.<\/p><p>In the course of this, the defense lawyer will not only familiarize the defendant with the interrogation situation in the main hearing in order to prevent him from expressing himself unfavorably out of nervousness.<\/p><p>In particular, the defense lawyer will help the defendant to ensure that his statement does not contradict the evidence in the case file. Otherwise, the defendant would turn himself into evidence against himself by interpreting contradictions to undeniable facts in such a way that his statement would be a mere protective assertion.<\/p><p>In addition, the defense lawyer will help the defendant to describe \u201ethe optimal version of the truth\u201c in easily understandable words that also make clear his personal situation and, if necessary, his concern.<\/p><p>By making the defendant perceptible as a person and with his special character traits, he becomes the subject of the proceedings as an individual and not as an anonymous person as a result.<\/p><p><strong>5. examination of witnesses<\/strong><\/p><p>Although witnesses are the worst evidence in criminal proceedings due to the deficiencies of human memory, they are often the most important evidence for the prosecution.<\/p><p>The defense must ensure that a witness first submits a coherent report on the subject of his interrogation. Depending on the individual case, the defense counsel will work to ensure that the report is as detailed or as concise as possible.<\/p><p>The presentation of documents, minutes, tapes and audio-visual recordings is permissible to stimulate the witness's memory and to clarify contradictions. The defense should work to ensure that the questioning of the witness is not too extensive and that, as a result, the questioning of the witness is replaced by the statements made to him by the witness merely confirming them.<\/p><p>If a witness is entitled to refuse to testify - regardless of whether this is due to his relationship to the accused or his professional position - the defense lawyer is entitled to influence the witness to exercise this right.<\/p><p>If a witness exposes himself to the risk of criminal prosecution by testifying, he is entitled to refuse to testify. In individual cases, it will make sense for the defense to make this clear to the witness.<\/p><p>As a rule, witnesses are first questioned by the court, then by the public prosecutor's office, then, if necessary, by the joint plaintiff's representative and only then by the defense.<\/p><p>The targeted questioning of witnesses by the defense requires, on the one hand, extensive experience in the field of interrogation techniques and, on the other hand, comprehensive knowledge of the files.<\/p><p>In principle, witnesses should only be asked questions whose answers are foreseeable and favorable to the defendant. In order to obtain such answers, a certain amount of technical cunning is required in individual cases in order to force the witness to give the appropriate answer.<\/p><p>The motives of the witness and their position in relation to the subject matter of the trial and the defendant must be taken into account.<\/p><p>Witnesses who are in the camp of the accused must be protected from cunning questioning of other parties to the proceedings.<\/p><p>Witnesses for the prosecution will rarely reveal evidence that is favorable to the defendant through confrontational questioning.<\/p><p>Finally, the defense must ensure that witnesses are only asked admissible questions.<\/p><p>Questions about value judgments, for example, are inadmissible. After all, witnesses are evidence for certain evidentiary facts. Evaluations are to be left to the parties to the proceedings.<\/p><p>Questions that are individually incomprehensible to the witness and purely hypothetical questions are also inadmissible.<\/p><p>Questions that contain deception or threats are also inadmissible.<\/p><p>The inadmissibility of repetitive questions is particularly relevant in practice.<\/p><p>It is also forbidden to ask leading questions that already give the answer to the question.<\/p><p>Questions that are not part of the case are also inadmissible, whereby what is still part of the case must be interpreted very broadly. Only questions that do not even indirectly relate to the offense being tried and its legal consequences are not part of the case,<\/p><p>The defense has the option of requesting that a witness be sworn in if their testimony is of crucial importance or in order to bring about a true statement. Although the discretion to be exercised by the court in this respect is only reviewed to a limited extent on appeal, a corresponding application by the defense may, particularly in the specific situation, persuade the witness to change his statement in order to avoid criminal liability for potential perjury.<\/p><p>Once a witness has been released, he can no longer be questioned by the parties to the proceedings. The defense must be heard on the dismissal of a witness. If they potentially still have questions for the witness, particularly after further evidence has been taken, they should not agree to the dismissal of the witness. A motion to take evidence for the re-examination of a witness is generally not very promising.<\/p><p><strong>6. expert opinion<\/strong><\/p><p>Expert opinions are always obtained if the court does not have the necessary expertise.<\/p><p>They are issued by experts, i.e. persons who have the necessary expertise. As a rule, this follows from their training and the specific activity they have carried out.<\/p><p>Expert opinions offer both opportunities and risks, as the facts initially proven by an expert opinion can only be disputed with difficulty and under special circumstances.<\/p><p>Expert opinions that are unfavorable to the defendant are easily capable of sustaining his conviction.<\/p><p>Expert opinions that are in favor of the defendant are just as difficult to shake.<\/p><p>In principle, only the methodology of an expert opinion can be reviewed.<\/p><p>The court is only obliged to obtain a further expert opinion ex officio in the event of a lack of expertise or a so-called U-turn on the part of the expert.<\/p><p>Moreover, the court is only obliged to obtain a further expert opinion on its own initiative if it does not wish to follow an existing expert opinion.<\/p><p>Since an expert opinion is only to be given orally, the defense must ensure that a written preliminary opinion is provided so that the expert's methodology can be examined and contradictions or a lack of expertise can be deduced from it.<\/p><p>If expert witnesses have been heard by a judge or by means of a video and audio recording, the hearing can be read out and the recording shown both to improve the memory and to clarify contradictions, as is also possible for witness hearings.<\/p><p>With regard to the admissibility of questions to experts, the same applies as for witnesses.<\/p><p>Furthermore, questions to experts that go beyond the scope of the expert opinion mandate are not permitted.<\/p><p><strong>7. certificates<\/strong><\/p><p>Documents are the most reliable form of evidence in criminal proceedings.<\/p><p>They are generally introduced into the main proceedings by being read out, but can also be introduced by the so-called self-reading procedure, i.e. the documents to be introduced in this way are named to the parties to the proceedings and, if necessary, made available and are then read by the parties themselves, which is then recorded in the minutes.<\/p><p>The defense may have to object to this immediately after the corresponding order. This will be particularly appropriate if the defendant is thereby prevented from commenting on these documents by way of admission.<\/p><p>Minutes of hearings of defendants, witnesses, experts and statements by these persons with the same content are also documents.<\/p><p>However, they may not be read out in the main hearing without further ado due to the principle of immediacy.<\/p><p>The following applies to hearings not conducted by a judge or statements not made by a judge:<\/p><p>In the case of a defendant with a defense, the consent of the defendant, his defense counsel and the public prosecutor is required. If the accused is not defended, only interrogation records and statements which serve to confirm the accused's confession may be read out with his consent and that of the public prosecutor.<\/p><p>The consent of the parties to the proceedings is not required if interrogation records or statements are read out and the person being questioned is deceased or cannot be heard in court in the foreseeable future for other reasons. This means that statements made by V-Persons whose identity is not disclosed by the highest official authority or who do not receive permission to testify may be read out.<\/p><p>Furthermore, minutes of interrogations and statements can be read insofar as they relate to the amount of financial loss.<\/p><p>However, the following applies to judicial hearings:<\/p><p>They may be read out if the person being questioned is unable to appear for questioning for a longer or unforeseeable period of time, mainly due to illness.<\/p><p>In the case of witnesses and expert witnesses, it is also sufficient if they cannot reasonably be expected to appear due to the distance to the court venue and in view of the importance of their testimony.<\/p><p>Incidentally, court hearing transcripts may always be read out with the consent of the public prosecutor, the defense counsel and the defendant.<\/p><p>Whenever statements or records of questioning are to be read out for purposes other than the determination of a judgment, this is possible in principle; especially if this is to serve the purpose of deciding whether the person being questioned should be summoned.<\/p><p>In addition, certain documents may generally be read out.<\/p><p>These are initially declarations that contain a certificate or expert opinion from public authorities, generally sworn experts or doctors from a forensic medical service.<\/p><p>This also includes medical certificates on bodily injuries and medical reports on the taking of blood samples.<\/p><p>Expert opinions on the evaluation of a tachograph, the determination of the blood group or the blood alcohol content including its recalculation can also be read out without further ado.<\/p><p>Above all, however, investigation reports by the prosecution authorities can also be read out without questioning the officers who prepared them.<\/p><p><strong>8. visual inspection<\/strong><\/p><p>The visual inspection is a subsidiary form of evidence that must generally be introduced in the course of the examination of other evidence in the main proceedings, in particular in the course of the examination of witnesses.<\/p><p>The public prosecutor's office, the defense and the defendant have the right to be present during on-site inspections outside the main hearing.<\/p><p>For a defendant in custody who has a defense lawyer, this right is very limited.<\/p><p>An expert commissioned by the defendant is also entitled to participate in external inspections if an expert commissioned by the court has been summoned to do so. If the expert commissioned by the defendant has not been summoned by the court, this can be arranged by the defense. The expert commissioned by the defendant is only required not to obstruct the expert commissioned by the court.<\/p><p><strong>9. process obstacles<\/strong><\/p><p>The complaint of a lack of procedural requirements and procedural obstacles in the main hearing itself will regularly only come into consideration in cases that also present themselves in the preparation of the main hearing, i.e. in the case of the defendant's inability to stand trial or the court's lack of local jurisdiction.<\/p><p>The other obstacles to the proceedings described in connection with the preliminary and interim proceedings are likely to have led to the main proceedings not being opened in the interim proceedings at the latest. Their objection would therefore only be conditional if the court had persistently ignored them.<\/p><p>Only the procedural obstacle of provocation requires special attention by the defense, particularly in the taking of evidence. For example, the administrative courts may have to ensure that trusted persons or undercover investigators are granted permission to give evidence and that they are questioned - if necessary while maintaining their anonymity.<\/p><p>Corresponding requests for evidence must be submitted if necessary.<\/p><p><strong>10. prohibitions on the use of evidence<\/strong><\/p><p>The assertion of prohibitions on the use of evidence in the main hearing must be made at the latest immediately after the hearing of evidence in this regard.<\/p><p>Otherwise, the defendant is precluded from arguing in the appeal that evidence was subject to a prohibition on the use of evidence.<\/p><p>The Federal Court of Justice has constantly expanded this case law on the so-called preclusion of complaints.<\/p><p>If prohibitions on the use of evidence are asserted, these must also be comprehensively substantiated and additionally submitted in good time so that the presiding judge can adjust his or her conduct of the hearing accordingly.<\/p><p>It is therefore advisable to object to all prohibitions on the use of evidence at the beginning of the main hearing in a written statement to be read out and then submitted for the record.<\/p><p><strong>11. motions for evidence<\/strong><\/p><p>Motions for evidence are the key instrument for the defense to influence the main hearing.<\/p><p>By means of motions for evidence, the defense can have the court extend the taking of evidence to include evidence that it did not originally intend to hear.<\/p><p>It follows from the factual management of the presiding judge that he can grant a request for evidence and order the requested taking of evidence.<\/p><p>The rejection of the request for evidence, on the other hand, generally requires a court ruling by the entire court.<\/p><p>Requests for evidence must always be made orally.<\/p><p>It is advisable to prepare them in writing, read them out and then submit them for the record in order to ensure that the specific wording of the application is included in the main hearing minutes in the event of an appeal.<\/p><p>In the event that a request for evidence is rejected, this gives the defendant the opportunity to object on appeal, which may lead to the judgment being set aside.<\/p><p>Once the ex officio taking of evidence has been completed, the presiding judge can also set deadlines within which motions for evidence must be submitted. After the deadlines have expired, the motions for evidence are only to be decided by the verdict, just as in the case of auxiliary motions for evidence, which are only submitted by the defense in the plea for the conviction case.<\/p><p><strong>1<\/strong><strong>1.1 Effective request for evidence<\/strong><\/p><p>The defense must ensure that only materially effective motions for evidence are filed.<\/p><p>Such a motion is characterized by the fact that it is directed at a specific evidentiary fact, i.e. that which is to be directly stated with the respective evidence. This must be strictly distinguished from the objective of the motion for evidence, which cannot be its direct object. To be on the safe side, the defense should also always present the reason why the evidence in question is suitable to prove the fact in question (so-called connectivity in the broader sense).<\/p><p>Inadmissible requests for evidence shall not be granted.<\/p><p>A request for evidence is inadmissible if it has been made in abuse of rights solely to delay the proceedings, if, in the absence of the submission of specific evidence, only a request for the investigation of evidence has been made or if it is based on evidence that is subject to a prohibition on the use of evidence.<\/p><p><strong>11.2 Reasons for the rejection of requests for evidence and their significance for the defense<\/strong><\/p><p>The legally standardized grounds for refusal sometimes provide the defense with information on how the recognizing court views the defense strategy pursued with the request for evidence; however, this is only under the premise that the refusal was actually legally correct for the respective reason.<\/p><p>If the court rejects a request for evidence on the grounds of obviousness, this can be done on the grounds of general knowledge as well as on the grounds of knowledge of the court.<\/p><p>To the extent that the reliance is made on grounds of common knowledge, the court will likely identify the source from which it derives the obviousness so that the defense will consequently know whether the court considers the fact in evidence to be given or not given.<\/p><p>Insofar as the rejection is on the grounds of competence to stand trial, the order to take evidence will presumably contain the circumstances from which the competence to stand trial arises and these will regularly allow the same conclusion to be drawn.<\/p><p>A later assessment of evidence by the court can thus be anticipated by the defense.<\/p><p>In the event that the court rejects a request for evidence on the grounds of irrelevance, it must assume that the evidence has been proven.<\/p><p>The court may therefore not contradict the statements contained in the rejection order in its reasons for judgment or even base its assessment of the evidence on the opposite of the fact stated as evidence.<\/p><p>In the event of a rejection on the grounds of evidence, the defense is therefore also deemed by the court to have accepted the proven fact.<\/p><p>This means that, in cases of rejection due to insignificance or proven fact, the court does not even have to consider the evidence or it is in line with its intended assessment of the evidence.<\/p><p>The court has already decided for itself, on the basis of the evidence taken so far, to regard the evidence presented as proven.<\/p><p>If the evidence arises solely from the defendant's confession, the defense can be sure that the court will follow it with regard to the evidence.<\/p><p>A rejection of a request for evidence due to the complete unsuitability of the evidence, on the other hand, will generally offer the defense little evidence for its defense strategy, but rather scope for a procedural objection based on this in the appeal.<\/p><p>The ground for refusal is limited to constellations in which the complete unsuitability of the evidence is based on generally applicable, non-falsifiable principles of experience, which in particular do not permit exceptions and thus to rare exceptional cases of objective evidence.<\/p><p>The ground of unavailability also does not provide the defense with any significant indications of the court's attitude towards the subject matter of the trial.<\/p><p>Evidence is initially unavailable for factual reasons if it is permanently unavailable for the main hearing, or at least for the foreseeable future, in particular because a way in which it could be obtained is not known and cannot be determined.<\/p><p>The court may already refrain from hearing foreign witnesses if it does not consider it necessary to hear them.<\/p><p>If it fails to do so, it must at least arrange for the foreign witness to be formally summoned, if necessary by means of mutual legal assistance.<\/p><p>Substantial allegations to exonerate the defendant can be assumed to be true in order to reject a motion for evidence.<\/p><p>In contrast to the rejection of a request for evidence due to the fact that the evidence has been proven, the assessment of truth does not require the court to evaluate the evidence, but can be made in advance.<\/p><p>For the defense, however, it can be concluded in particular that the court wants to evaluate the fact assumed to be true in favor of the defendant anyway, but possibly not to the extent intended by the defense.\u00a0<\/p><p>Applications for an inspection may be rejected by the court subject to less stringent requirements.<\/p><p>It is sufficient if the inspection is not necessary from the point of view of the court's duty of clarification at its reasonable discretion.<\/p><p><strong>11.3 Reasons for the rejection of requests for an expert opinion and their significance for the defense<\/strong><\/p><p>If the court rejects a motion to take evidence from an expert because of its own expertise, the defense can recognize that the court does not see the need to obtain an expert opinion.<\/p><p>If this is done incorrectly, the defense can complain about this in the appeal.<\/p><p>If an expert opinion has already been obtained on a certain evidentiary fact or topic, the court may reject the application to hear a further expert simply because it considers the opposite of the fact to be proven to be true on the basis of the expert opinion obtained.<\/p><p>Only in exceptional cases can the court not reject a corresponding application.<\/p><p>This is initially the case if the expertise of the previous expert is doubtful.<\/p><p>This will be the case above all if the expert has made a so-called U-turn, i.e. if his opinion in his hearing changes significantly in relation to a written preliminary expert opinion.<\/p><p>In addition, the defense can, if necessary, prove a lack of expertise on the part of the expert by means of a method-critical expert opinion obtained by it, which in turn can be introduced into the proceedings by way of documentary evidence and otherwise be made the subject of the request for evidence to obtain a further expert opinion or the hearing of a further expert.<\/p><p>At the same time, the defense can proceed in the exceptional case that the expert opinion of the previous expert contains contradictions.<\/p><p>Furthermore, there are exceptions if the previous expert is based on incorrect factual assumptions or the new expert has superior research resources.<\/p><p><strong>11.4 Presents of evidence<\/strong><\/p><p>If the defense summons witnesses or experts or presents documents or documentary evidence in the main hearing and submits a motion for evidence based on this, the court can only reject this under limited conditions.<\/p><p>If the taking of evidence is not already inadmissible, the court can only reject the request for evidence for limited reasons.<\/p><p>In the event of a rejection on the grounds of evidence, the defense can be certain that the court does not wish to contradict the fact that has been proven.<\/p><p>In the case of rejection due to obviousness, the defense can conclude whether the court considers the evidence to be given or not.<\/p><p>The case of complete unsuitability hardly plays a role for the defense from an anticipatory point of view.<\/p><p>In the case of available evidence, the rejection of the request for evidence on the grounds of irrelevance is replaced by a rejection only if there is no factual connection.<\/p><p>For this to be the case, there must be an objective lack of any material connection between the evidence and the factual evidence.<\/p><p>Assuming the existence of an auxiliary or circumstantial fact without drawing a conclusion from it for the assessment of evidence is out of the question in the case of rejection due to a lack of factual connection.<\/p><p>It is therefore only possible for the court to reject an application for the taking of evidence under particularly high hurdles.<\/p><p>If the defense is particularly interested in hearing certain evidence, it will therefore present it at the main hearing.<\/p><p><strong>12. objection to the conduct of the proceedings<\/strong><\/p><p>The defense and all other parties involved in the proceedings can object to the presiding judge's orders as inadmissible and therefore bring about a decision by the collegial court.<\/p><p>Orders by the chairperson in this sense are all measures with which he\/she influences the course of the proceedings and the parties to the proceedings.<\/p><p>This is always the case if a party to the proceedings is restricted in its rights by the order of the presiding judge. By way of exception, the public prosecutor's office may also object to the chairperson's conduct of the case independently of this.<\/p><p>Decisions that have not been taken can only be contested if an application for them to be taken has been made in advance.<\/p><p>Insofar as the chairperson has a margin of judgment or discretion, his or her order can only be objected to in exceptional cases, for example if he or she has assumed incorrect facts, disregarded generally applicable standards of value, made improper considerations or violated procedural rules.<\/p><p>A complaint can be made at the earliest when the case is called.<\/p><p>An application to this effect must be recorded in the minutes of the main hearing as an essential formality.<\/p><p>To avoid misunderstandings, it is advisable to draft a corresponding motion in writing, read it out and then submit it to the minutes.<\/p><p>There is no entitlement to an immediate decision. The chairperson may defer the decision of the panel.<\/p><p>Exceptionally, the court can decide on this itself if the objection is not admissible. This is particularly the case if the party involved is not adversely affected by the order or if only the inappropriateness, but not the inadmissibility of the order is objected to.<\/p><p>The interlocutory appeal of the substantive objection has decisive significance in terms of appeal law. Only objectionable orders can be made the subject of an appeal. Without an objection, the defendant is precluded from arguing that a procedural order by the presiding judge was inadmissible.<\/p><p>However, this only applies if the defendant is defended by a defense lawyer.<\/p><p>The following are some particularly relevant examples of interlocutory appeals.<\/p><p>The interim remedy of objecting to the conduct of the hearing is particularly relevant in connection with the exercise of the right to ask questions. As a first step, an application can be made to disallow a question from another party to the proceedings and, in the event that the chairperson does not comply, a court decision can be applied for.<\/p><p>Conversely, the interlocutory appeal can also be used to object to the fact that a question from the defense was not admitted or that their right to ask questions is generally restricted.<\/p><p>The interlocutory appeal can also be used to enforce a decision on a request for the taking of evidence.<\/p><p>Furthermore, the interlocutory appeal may be admissibly lodged if the defense is instructed to file an application it intends to file at a later date.<\/p><p>It can also be raised against the fact that the defendant was not sufficiently heard or was not given sufficient opportunity to discuss the case with his defense counsel.<\/p><p>The interlocutory appeal may also be lodged against the non-examination of a witness or expert witness or against their dismissal in the event of an objection to this by the defense.<\/p><p><strong>13. applications for rejection<\/strong><\/p><p>If the defendant identifies grounds for recusal before the start of the main hearing, he can generally submit an application for recusal based on these grounds until the start of the questioning of the first defendant about his personal circumstances at the main hearing. However, if, in proceedings before the Regional Court or Higher Regional Court, the court composition was communicated before the start of the main hearing, the application must be made immediately at the stage of preparation for the main hearing.<\/p><p>Otherwise, motions for recusal must always be filed immediately after the facts on which they are based become known during the main hearing.<\/p><p>Not only judges can be rejected, but also lay assessors, clerks of the court registry and other persons called in to take the minutes. Experts can also be rejected, as can judicial officers and interpreters.<\/p><p>Reasons for refusal include the fact that the person to be refused is themselves an injured party to the offense in question or has a close personal or family relationship to an accused or injured party in the proceedings, was involved in the case in the capacity of another party to the proceedings or was heard as an expert or witness.<\/p><p>Furthermore, there is a reason for recusal if the person in question has participated in a decision of a lower instance in the same case or before a retrial.<\/p><p>In practice, the most important reason for recusal is concern about bias, i.e. if there is a reason that is likely to justify mistrust of the impartiality of a judge or another court person.<\/p><p>Bias may exist before or during the main hearing.<\/p><p>This is particularly the case if the judge gives the impression of being convinced of the guilt of a defendant, which can also arise from circumstances outside of the proceedings themselves. The way in which the judge conducts the proceedings can also give rise to concerns of bias.<\/p><p>An application for recusal must be submitted to the recognizing court and must include all grounds for recusal. If the grounds for recusal are not known to the court or on file, they must be made credible by means of simple or sworn statements by witnesses, a lawyer's declaration or reference to the testimony of the recused judge,<\/p><p>If the application for recusal is inadmissible, the court shall decide on the application itself in an abbreviated procedure. The application is inadmissible in the event of delay, failure to state the grounds for recusal or failure to substantiate them or in the event that the application is filed for the purpose of delay or for purposes unrelated to the proceedings, i.e. as an objection.<\/p><p>If a judge of the local court is rejected, another judge of the local court shall decide on the application. If a judge of a chamber is rejected, the chamber decides without his participation without lay assessors, otherwise the recognizing court decides without the rejected judge. If the recognizing court is unable to reach a decision without the rejected judge, the higher court shall decide.<\/p><p>An immediate appeal may be lodged within one week against a decision rejecting an application for recusal.<\/p><p>The recused judge may, despite his or her recusal, take all actions that cannot be delayed, in particular continue to participate in the main hearing. A decision on the challenge must be made before the judgment is pronounced and within two weeks or by the day after the next hearing. If the challenge is justified, the parts of the hearing that took place with the participation of the challenged judge must then be repeated, insofar as this is possible and does not involve unreasonable effort.<\/p><p>Public prosecutors cannot be dismissed on grounds of bias. Only the superior can replace a biased public prosecutor, and the court must work towards this if necessary.<\/p><p>Requests for recusal - especially due to bias - are highly conflictual. The person rejected will feel that their honor has been compromised, as they themselves will probably consider their actions to be unobjectionable. The atmosphere at the hearing is therefore likely to suffer as a result of a request for recusal.<\/p><p><strong>14. process declarations<\/strong><\/p><p>Another formal way for the defense to influence the main hearing is to make statements after the hearing of evidence.<\/p><p>This is a right to which the defendant is primarily entitled, but which will usually be exercised by the defense.<\/p><p>Such a declaration may not anticipate the closing statement.<\/p><p>It will therefore regularly limit itself to challenging the probative value, the result of the evidence or the relevance of the result of the evidence.<\/p><p>Such statements will generally make little impression on the other parties to the proceedings and are unlikely to have a significant impact on the course of the trial. They are therefore more of a \u201eblunt sword\u201c in the defense's already very limited toolbox.<\/p><p><strong>16. requests for minutes<\/strong><\/p><p>The minutes of the main hearing must essentially reflect the course and results of the main hearing and show that all essential formalities have been observed. This also includes the recording of the documents read out or their introduction in self-reading proceedings. Discussions on the status of the proceedings must also be recorded, as well as the course, content and outcome of any agreement reached.<\/p><p>Furthermore, there is no verbatim recording of the main hearing.<\/p><p>Only in hearings before the local court - both the single judge and the lay judges' court - are the main results of hearings also recorded. Alternatively, the presiding judge can also order an audio recording. However, minutes of hearings are not to be recorded if appeals are waived or none are lodged.<\/p><p>The minutes of the main hearing are therefore of particular importance for the defense, as they can be used to prove compliance or non-compliance with the essential formalities in the main hearing in the appeal instance, both positively and negatively. The minutes of the main hearing have absolute probative value in this respect.<\/p><p>The defense counsel will therefore ensure that his motions, trial statements and objections are recorded in the appropriate form.<\/p><p>The easiest way to do this is usually for the defense lawyer to submit them himself - in handwriting if necessary - for the record.<\/p><p>Above all, the minutes must contain the specific subject matter of the application or the specific objection in the form of the assertion of an obstacle to the proceedings, the objection to the taking of evidence or the utilization of evidence, as well as the application for a court order regarding the objection to an order of the presiding judge.<\/p><p>The prohibition on reconstructing the main hearing applies in the appeal instance. Anything that does not emerge from the main hearing minutes can no longer be presented in the appeal instance.<\/p><p>In order to record events in the main hearing, the defense has the instrument of a motion for minutes at its disposal.<\/p><p>It is possible to request that individual events in the main hearing be recorded, as well as the wording of a statement made by a witness or expert witness or the defendant's statement and a statement made by any party to the proceedings.<\/p><p>However, unless formalities of the main hearing are recorded, the minutes have no absolute probative value.<\/p><p>The application will often not be granted because it is not the specific wording that matters, but rather the content of a statement or comment. The wording is only relevant if it allows for different interpretations.<\/p><p>However, the special significance of requests for minutes is that the request itself, if it is recorded in the minutes, records the events, statements or remarks in question and prevents them from being reconstructed.<\/p><p>It may be advisable to request that the witness or expert witness concerned be removed from the courtroom before the application is made in order to prevent them from adjusting their testimony in the knowledge that the application has been made.<\/p><p>If the chairperson rejects a request for minutes, the decision of the court as a collegial body can be applied for. The chairperson is bound by its decision.<\/p><p>Insofar as applications for minutes are used in a moderate and targeted manner, they are suitable for indicating to the court which problem areas may be the subject of an appeal.<\/p><p>They are also suitable for preventing any unintentional incorrect recording of facts in the judgment.<\/p><p><strong>17. applications for suspension and interruption<\/strong><\/p><p>Applications for suspension and interruption are generally not suitable for influencing the main hearing.<\/p><p>Its main purpose is to give the defense and the defendant the opportunity to adjust to and prepare for changes in the circumstances of the trial.<\/p><p>Applications for a stay of proceedings in particular have a considerable impact on the main hearing if they are granted.<\/p><p>The proceedings must be suspended if an interruption is not sufficient for the longest possible interruption period, which is generally three weeks, but may be longer in exceptional cases.<\/p><p>In contrast to an interruption, a suspension means that the main hearing is not continued, but started from the beginning.<\/p><p>This can lead to the proceedings being considerably delayed so that the defendant can continue to prepare for a verdict by not committing a crime. For defendants in pre-trial detention, the suspension of proceedings can mean that they are spared pre-trial detention.<\/p><p>Very relevant in practice is the case where witnesses or experts are named so late or a piece of evidence is presented so late that the defense does not have time to make inquiries in this regard.<\/p><p>A suspension must be granted if the defendant and the defense have not been summoned with a week's notice.<\/p><p>It is also mandatory to suspend the main hearing in the event that new circumstances arise which allow the defendant to be convicted of a more serious criminal offense and the defendant denies this and argues that he is not prepared for the defense.<\/p><p>The court must also suspend the proceedings if this is necessary due to a change in the facts of the case in order to adequately prepare the defense.<\/p><p>A suspension may still be necessary if a newly appointed public defender requests this during the main hearing.<\/p><p>Not regulated by law, but recognized by case law, is the right to a stay of the main proceedings in cases in which insufficient access to the files has been granted or the public prosecutor has only hesitantly and gradually provided the court with new evidence.<\/p><p>The same applies in the event that the indictment was not communicated.<\/p><p>Motions for interruption are equally filed by the defense for further preparation for the main hearing. However, they do not mean that the main hearing has to start again.<\/p><p><strong>17. pleadings and last word<\/strong><\/p><p>The pleadings will follow the conclusion of the hearing of evidence.<\/p><p>As a rule, the public prosecutor pleads first, then the defense and finally the defendant. In practice, the defendant practically never pleads. However, the representative of the joint plaintiff is regularly given the opportunity to plead.<\/p><p>The order follows the logic that the \u201eattacker\u201c pleads first. In appeal and revision hearings, the complainant pleads first.<\/p><p>This also makes sense. This gives the \u201edefending party\u201c the opportunity to respond to the \u201eattacking submission\u201c.<\/p><p>If the hearing of evidence is resumed, the parties to the proceedings have another opportunity to make a closing statement.<\/p><p>Pleas should be made in free speech, regularly with the aid of notes.<\/p><p>The pleading parties may not be interrupted in their closing statements.<\/p><p>Exaggerated formulations may also be used in the pleading. Disparaging statements should be avoided.<\/p><p>The plea of the public prosecutor's office begins with the presentation of the facts of the case, which the public prosecutor's office considers to be given.<\/p><p>This is followed by the assessment of evidence, in which the public prosecutor's office explains which evidence it has taken as a basis for the facts it has assumed and which it has not.<\/p><p>This is followed by the legal assessment, in which the public prosecutor's office sets out which elements of the offence it considers to have been committed by the defendant.<\/p><p>This is followed by statements on sentencing and then the final motion.<\/p><p>The final motion contains the prosecution's demand as to what legal consequences should be imposed on the defendant.<\/p><p>The plea of the defense generally does not follow any fixed rules. Its content is derived from the specifics of the case. It includes all procedural questions relevant from the point of view of the defense and also a closing statement.<\/p><p>A good plea is never suitable to compensate for an inadequate defense in the main hearing or even in the preceding stages of the proceedings.<\/p><p>It will be particularly effective if the defense has already been committed to the interests of the defendant. This includes having used the procedural possibilities of the defense in an interest-oriented and targeted manner.<\/p><p>Then the defense strategy culminates in the closing statement and thus unfolds its full effect at best.<\/p><p>If the aim of the defense is to have the defendant acquitted - the so-called acquittal defense - the plea will mainly include the arguments against his guilt and will primarily deal with the assessment of the evidence heard.<\/p><p>The defense may base its closing motion on a completely different set of facts than the prosecution.<\/p><p>Above all, the assessment of the credibility of individual witness statements will also contribute to this.<\/p><p>It is also possible that prohibitions on the use of evidence, which prohibit the introduction of certain evidence into the proceedings, will have to be raised again.<\/p><p>If the defense strategy is to obtain the most favorable sentence possible for the defendant - so-called sentence defense - the defense must emphasize all those circumstances that indicate that the defendant will receive the most favorable sentence possible.<\/p><p>This may start with the fact that, based on the legal assessment of the defense, a different, lower penalty range is already opened than assumed by the public prosecutor's office on the basis of its legal assessment.<\/p><p>The penalty is then already to be found within other limits.<\/p><p>The defense attorney will then present the individual mitigating circumstances for the defendant and, if necessary, refute those circumstances that the prosecution considers to be particularly punitive.<\/p><p>The defense's presentation in this regard should follow the legal criteria.<\/p><p>The defendant's confession and its value are particularly relevant here. If the evidence is overwhelming, the value of the confession per se is not as high as if it is the first time that facts of a considerable extent come to light that enable the defendant to be convicted. The scope of the proceedings is also relevant in this context. The greater the amount of evidence that can be omitted as a result of a confession, the more valuable it is and the greater its mitigating effect.<\/p><p>It is also regularly particularly relevant whether the defendant has provided clarification assistance through his confession or otherwise.<\/p><p>If he has made use of a leniency program and has uncovered or prevented offences in connection with his crime before the opening of the main proceedings, the court may already shift the applicable penalty range in favor of the defendant.<\/p><p>In addition, the clarification of other offenses committed by third parties can also be taken into account to mitigate the sentence considerably.<\/p><p>Above all, the circumstances that characterize the act are significant.<\/p><p>This has a mitigating effect, for example, if the crime was committed without a plan or, above all, to finance an addiction. The penalty is aggravated if the accused acted in a particularly conspiratorial manner or otherwise tried to avoid detection as effectively as possible.<\/p><p>The consequences of the crime, in particular the damage caused by the crime, are also very important. As a rule, the defense lawyer will assess the extent of the damage differently than the public prosecutor, be it personal injury or property damage.<\/p><p>The consequences of the offense for third parties are also relevant to the sentencing.<\/p><p>The \u201ecriminal energy\u201c expended by a defendant during the offense is also relevant. The less the execution of the crime reveals, the less severe the sentence should be.<\/p><p>A mitigating factor is also if it was particularly easy for the accused to commit the crime, for example because the victim was careless or because of inadequate or missing controls.<\/p><p>The consequences of the criminal proceedings in both professional and private terms can also have a considerable favorable impact on the defendant. For example, the loss of a profession or considerable private upheavals may be taken into account to mitigate the punishment.<\/p><p>In the case of proceedings that attract a high level of media interest, the associated pillorying effect for the defendant must also be taken into account to a considerable extent in his favor when sentencing.<\/p><p>It is also a mitigating factor if the defendant has no previous convictions.<\/p><p>Another argument in favor of a low sentence is if the defendant is particularly susceptible to punishment, for example due to age, illness or certain personal circumstances.<\/p><p>In the case of defendants from a foreign culture, the values of that culture can have a mitigating effect.<\/p><p>Deficits in the development of a defendant can also be taken into account to mitigate punishment; the same applies if the defendant himself was a victim of criminal offenses.<\/p><p>The defendant's behavior after the fact also has a major impact on the sentence to be imposed. A mitigating factor is, above all, if he makes an effort to compensate for a loss or causes it. This may also result in a shift in the sentencing range.<\/p><p>It is particularly favorable for the defendant if he shows a willingness to undergo therapy with the aim of not committing any more crimes in the future or to come to terms with the crime he has committed.<\/p><p>Pre-trial detention may exceptionally have a mitigating effect, for example if the defendant suffers from particularly poor prison conditions, such as infection control conditions, or has received inadequate health care.<\/p><p>An above-average duration of proceedings has a favorable effect on the defendant in various respects.<\/p><p>On the one hand, the fact that he was mentally impaired for a long time by the pending proceedings must be taken into account to mitigate the sentence.<\/p><p>On the other hand, this time has the effect of \u201epre-parole\u201c if the defendant does not commit any further offenses. The defendant proves that he can and wants to live crime-free.<\/p><p>After all, an excessive length of proceedings without cause is also a delay in proceedings contrary to the rule of law. Part of the sentence imposed is therefore declared enforced with the judgment,<\/p><p>It is generally not advisable to plead in the alternative to sentencing if the aim of the defense is an acquittal. The defense then counteracts its own presentation.<\/p><p>Finally, the subject of the plea can be measures to ensure safety and improvement, if their imposition is in question. With the exception of placement in a detention facility pursuant to Section 64 of the German Criminal Code, the defense will regularly seek to prevent the imposition of such measures.<\/p><p>Finally, asset recovery and confiscation may be the subject of the plea.<\/p><p>As a rule, the defense will object to the disproportionality of the confiscation. The calculations of the public prosecutor's office may have to be countered with regard to the confiscation of assets.<\/p><p>Finally, the plea can also be accompanied by a request for auxiliary evidence in the event that the defendant is convicted. This must then be decided by the court together with the verdict.<\/p><p>The defendant then has the last word.<\/p><p>The defendant can use it to present anything he wants.<\/p><p>However, if the defendant remains silent, it is imperative that no factual statements are made. He should also not contradict the presentation of his defense counsel.<\/p><p>The last word is his opportunity to determine the final point of the trial and, if necessary, to make a final statement, either to express his remorse or to convince the court of his innocence.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Cross-procedural issues<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\"><p>A new text will appear here shortly.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-885bd7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"885bd7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1927169794\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1927169794\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63745c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63745c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed3d97c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ed3d97c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6feb76c elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"6feb76c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1170\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1170\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> I. The course of proceedings <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1170\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd2c54b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dd2c54b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1170\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd884b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dd884b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-462536b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"462536b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I. The course of proceedings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c87621e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c87621e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ffcdc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9ffcdc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The constitutional complaint can be lodged by anyone against measures of public authority.<br><br>This is an extraordinary legal remedy aimed at complaining about the violation of specific constitutional law, not a further instance.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4ae014 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f4ae014\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab200f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"ab200f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1791\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1791\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The constitutional complaint in criminal matters<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1791\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1791\"><p>In criminal law contexts, constitutional complaints are regularly directed against decisions of the court of last instance as well as those preceding them. Exceptionally, however, they are also possible against interim decisions if these can no longer be reviewed and corrected at the instance level. In this regard, arrest warrants and search warrants are particularly relevant, as are decisions in the execution and enforcement of sentences.<\/p><p>A lawyer must be available for the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sittig.law\/en\/lawyer-constitutional-complaint\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Filing a constitutional complaint<\/a>\u00a0should generally not be commissioned. Due to the high formal requirements placed on the drafting of a constitutional complaint, it is generally recommended that a lawyer specializing in constitutional law be commissioned.<\/p><p>Ideally, a lawyer should be instructed to file a constitutional complaint before the final decision to be challenged is announced or dismissed.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1792\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1792\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Admissibility requirements<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1792\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1792\"><p>The constitutional complaint must be lodged with the Federal Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe within one month of the last decision within the legal process and must include a statement of grounds. The constitutional complaint must be drafted in such a way that the Federal Constitutional Court can assess on the basis of the complaint itself and without consulting procedural files whether the violation of fundamental rights complained of has occurred. In this respect, the submission requirements are similar to those for an appeal under criminal law.<\/p><p>In order for a constitutional complaint not to be inadmissible, sufficient - constitutionally determined - submissions must have been made in the instances.<\/p><p>Legal recourse must also be fully exhausted. It is not sufficient to take the proceedings to the last instance. To be on the safe side, a counter-appeal should be lodged against the final decision in parallel with the constitutional complaint. The constitutional complaint is then first submitted to the Federal Constitutional Court with a request to the Presidential Council to initially only enter the constitutional complaint in the general register. If the counter-submission is then - as is regularly expected - rejected, a request is made to transfer it to the procedural register.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1793\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1793\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The decision-making process at the Federal Constitutional Court<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1793\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1793\"><p>The Federal Constitutional Court consists of two senates - each made up of eight judges - which are followed by chambers, each made up of three judges.<\/p><p>The chambers are authorized to refuse to accept a constitutional complaint.<\/p><p>Under very special circumstances, the chambers are also authorized (by way of exception) to uphold a constitutional complaint.<\/p><p>If none of these cases exist, the competent senate decides. The second senate of the Federal Constitutional Court is responsible for criminal law and criminal procedure law.<\/p><p>Once the constitutional complaint has been received by the Federal Constitutional Court, it is generally examined by a research assistant of the responsible rapporteur in a chamber or senate, who then prepares a written proposal for a decision. The more suitable the constitutional complaint is for a decision by a chamber - i.e. the more likely it is to be rejected - the more important the proposal for a decision to be submitted by the rapporteur.<\/p><p>It is therefore the chambers that dominate events at the Federal Constitutional Court.<\/p><p>Moreover, it is the respective reporting judge who determines the constitutionally relevant issues to be decided according to his or her individual interpretation of the law.<\/p><p>The decisions of the chambers must be unanimous. A majority is required for decisions by the Senate.<\/p><p>The beneficiary of the decision against which the constitutional complaint is lodged shall be heard.<\/p><p>Each decision of the Senate is discussed in detail on the basis of the rapporteur's report.<\/p><p>The Federal Constitutional Court may request files from the original proceedings and also request legal and administrative assistance from courts and administrative authorities. It may give expert third parties the opportunity to comment, hear witnesses and experts<\/p><p>If a senate or a chamber upholds a constitutional complaint, the challenged decision is set aside and the proceedings are referred back to the competent court.<\/p><p>If an oral hearing has been held, the decision shall be announced publicly.<\/p><p>It is not absolutely necessary to hire a lawyer to file a constitutional complaint. However, due to the high formal and substantive requirements, this is regularly recommended.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1171\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1171\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> II. The procedure for a constitutional complaint <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1171\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-611a4a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"611a4a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1171\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19efa6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"19efa6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5503ac3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5503ac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">II. The procedure for a constitutional complaint<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1c899 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"cc1c899\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5aaf4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"f5aaf4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2571\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2571\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Defense in criminal proceedings<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2571\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2571\"><p>Ideally, a constitutional complaint should be prepared from the beginning of the defense in proceedings.<\/p><p>The case law of the Federal Constitutional Court on the criterion of subsidiarity requires the defendant to make use of all procedural options available to him to prevent or eliminate a violation of fundamental rights.<\/p><p>If this does not happen, a constitutional complaint by the defendant may be rejected by the Federal Constitutional Court as inadmissible.<\/p><p>It follows from this that extensive use must be made of the option to submit motions to take evidence. However, it also follows that the possibility of procedural motions, motions to stay proceedings, motions for minutes, motions regarding the exercise of the right to ask questions and the recusal of judges and experts must also be exercised.<\/p><p>Applications may even have to be submitted with an explanation of the relevant higher court case law. This applies in particular where procedural obstacles and prohibitions on the use of evidence are concerned.<\/p><p>Even during the defense in the instance, support from the lawyer who may later draft a constitutional complaint is useful. In particular, he or she will help shape the defense at an early stage with regard to which violations of fundamental rights later appear to have a good chance of being challenged.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2572\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2572\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The notice of appeal<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2572\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2572\"><p>Drafting the notice of appeal within one month of the last decision to be challenged is often hardly possible in compliance with the formal and substantive requirements imposed by the Federal Constitutional Court. Finally, as a rule, a counter-application must also be submitted in parallel to the court whose decision is being challenged.<\/p><p>In particular, the necessary explanation of the course of the proceedings can also be prepared in advance of the decision to be challenged, so as not to burden the author with the additional effort involved within the one-month period.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1172\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1172\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> III. Constitutional complaint in the event of violations of fundamental rights <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1172\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1418c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1418c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1172\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e25a5e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e25a5e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f40b4fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f40b4fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">III. Constitutional complaint in the event of violations of fundamental rights<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c5620f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6c5620f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6a3d8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e6a3d8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In the context of criminal law, various violations of fundamental rights are conceivable and may have to be challenged. The following is a - non-exhaustive - overview of possible violations of fundamental rights that can be successfully challenged.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a0f462 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9a0f462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b64a3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"8b64a3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Constitutional complaint of violation of formal criminal law<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\"><p>The violation of formal criminal law - i.e. criminal procedural law - is most likely to be successfully challenged in the following constellations.<\/p><p>In recent times, the fundamental right to a fair trial pursuant to Art. 2 para. 2 sentence 2 and Art. 2 para. 1 GG in conjunction with Art. 20 para. 3 GG and Art. 1 para. 1 GG has gained particular importance, which has been further substantiated in Art. 6 para. 1 and 3 ECHR.<\/p><p>Based on this fundamental right, errors in the assessment of evidence can be objected to, in particular if any prohibitions on the collection or use of evidence were disregarded. The rejection of requests for evidence can also be challenged from this point of view, as can the restriction of the accused's ability to influence the criminal proceedings (so-called right of confrontation). Finally, a restriction of the accused's right to an effective defense can be challenged under the aspect of the fundamental right to a fair trial. This includes, in particular, cases in which the court does not comply with its duty to provide information in the event of a changed factual and legal situation and cases of a defendant's fitness to stand trial. Finally, numerous violations of the right to a fair trial are possible in connection with plea bargaining in criminal proceedings, both due to the violation of notification, documentation and instruction obligations in this regard.<\/p><p>The fundamental right to effective legal protection pursuant to Article 19 (4) of the Basic Law ensures, in particular, the right arising from the procedural rules to a comprehensive factual and legal examination of the subject matter of the dispute by the competent court. This means that it is not only the Federal Court of Justice's sometimes excessive requirements with regard to the explanations in the context of a procedural objection that can be challenged. If appeal deadlines have been culpably missed, it is also examined from the point of view of effective legal protection whether too strict requirements have been applied to the existence of the conditions for reinstatement to the previous status. Above all, however, this fundamental right can be used to successfully challenge measures taken during the preliminary proceedings, in particular searches and measures involving deprivation of liberty.<\/p><p>The fundamental right to be heard in accordance with Article 103 (1) of the Basic Law can be affected at various stages of realization, starting with the right to information, which can be violated if the accused has not been informed of the proceedings concerning him, in particular if he is not given full access to the files. Decisions may only be based on facts and evidence that were accessible to the accused. Furthermore, the defendant must be given the opportunity to comment before a court decision is made. Finally, the court must take note of the defendant's statements and weigh them up when making its decision.<\/p><p>The fundamental right to the lawful judge pursuant to Art. 101 para. 1 sentence 2 GG may be violated in one of the following four constellations in particular.<\/p><p>First of all, a violation of fundamental rights can be considered in such a way that statutory rules of jurisdiction have been applied arbitrarily or that rules of jurisdiction have been defined in a way that violates fundamental rights. It is also possible that an obligation to submit a case to another court has been disregarded. The BVerfG is very cautious when assessing the question of whether an application for bias pursuant to Section 26a StPO or Section 27 StPO has been treated arbitrarily. On the other hand, the BVerfG is quite restrictive in its treatment of decisions by the Federal Court of Justice in appeal matters, insofar as it makes its own sentencing decisions pursuant to Section 354 (1), (1a) and (1b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.<\/p><p>The prohibition of double jeopardy under Art. 103 para. 3 of the German Basic Law has a blocking effect on a further conviction for an offense that has already been finally adjudicated by a criminal court. The criterion here is the act in the procedural sense, i.e. the uniform life process to be assessed according to a natural view of life. The Federal Constitutional Court regularly defines the offense in the procedural sense narrowly.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Constitutional complaint of violation of substantive criminal law<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\"><p>With regard to the constitutional complaint of a violation of substantive criminal law, the following must be stated:<\/p><p>The complaint that the requirement of certainty pursuant to Art. 103 Para. 2 GG is violated by a prohibition provision is frequent - but at the same time regularly unsuccessful. According to the case law of the Federal Constitutional Court, even vaguely formulated statutory offences such as breach of trust pursuant to Section 266 of the German Criminal Code (StGB) regularly meet this requirement. Only in the case of provisions from secondary criminal law, in particular so-called blanket offenses, which only regulate the legal consequences of misconduct but leave the requirements to implementing provisions or other legal sources, is a constitutional complaint successful in rare individual cases due to a lack of certainty.<\/p><p>A criminal law prohibition standard regularly interferes with fundamental rights. Unless more specific fundamental rights are restricted, the general freedom of action pursuant to Art. 2 para. 1 GG is affected in any case. The standard of review for the constitutionality of a prohibition provision is the principle of proportionality. A prohibition provision must be suitable to promote the success desired by the legislator and necessary in the sense that the objective pursued cannot be achieved to the same extent by another milder means that interferes less with the fundamental right in question. Finally, the criminal provision must be proportionate to the weight and importance of the fundamental right that it infringes.<\/p><p>In individual cases, provisions of sexual criminal law are particularly suitable for restricting the general freedom of action of the individual in accordance with Article 2 (1) of the Basic Law. In this context, the abolished Section 175 of the German Criminal Code, which criminalized sexual acts between men, is a good example.<\/p><p>Freedom of belief and conscience under Article 4(1) of the Basic Law may be affected in particular if a prohibition provision places the individual in an irresolvable conflict of conscience that leaves no other alternative course of action than to violate the prohibition provision.<\/p><p>Freedom of expression pursuant to Art. 5 para. 1 sentence 2 GG is regularly affected in connection with the offenses pursuant to \u00a7\u00a7 185 ff StGB but also the offense of incitement to hatred pursuant to \u00a7 130 StGB. Whether an individual statement is still protected by the freedom of expression depends not only on its classification as an expression of opinion or a statement of fact. If several interpretations are possible, the interpretation that is not punishable must always be assumed in favor of the person making the statement.<\/p><p>The freedom of art under Art. 5 para. 3 sentence 1 GG collides in many ways with criminal norms, such as the use of signs of unconstitutional organizations under \u00a7 86a StGB, the denigration of the state and its symbols under \u00a7 90a StGB, incitement of the people under \u00a7 130 StGB, the distribution of pornographic writings under \u00a7\u00a7 184 ff. StGB, insult under \u00a7\u00a7 185 ff StGB and damage to property under \u00a7 303 StGB.<\/p><p>At the center of the constitutional problem here is the question of the interpretation of the work of art by means of which a criminal provision is alleged to have been violated. It is essential to determine the core message of the work of art in order to take sufficient account of artistic freedom in accordance with Article 5 (3) sentence 1 of the Basic Law when determining whether a criminal provision has been violated by means of a work of art.<\/p><p>The freedom to choose an occupation pursuant to Article 12(1) and the fundamental right to property pursuant to Article 14(1) of the Basic Law are regularly considered to be equally affected if conduct is to be sanctioned that is closely related to a commercial or freelance activity.<\/p><p>It is not only a criminal prohibition as such that is capable of violating the fundamental rights of individuals. A criminal sanction can also have this effect. For example, a sanction to be imposed in the event of a prohibition can violate the principle of culpability as a consequence of Art. 20 Para. 3 GG and the prohibition of excessiveness as a consequence of Art. 2 Para. 2 Alt. 2 of the Basic Law if the threatened punishment is deemed to be completely inappropriate or even cruel, inhuman or degrading in terms of the nature and extent of the punishable act.<\/p><p>Sanction norms as such can also be unconstitutional. For example, the BVerfG has limited the ordering and imposition of life imprisonment and repealed Section 43a StGB, which provided for a pecuniary penalty.<\/p><p>Not only a criminal provision itself, but also its application by the specialized courts can be unconstitutional. The four constellations described below are particularly relevant in this respect:<\/p><p>A violation of the prohibition of arbitrariness pursuant to Art. 3 Para. 1 of the German Basic Law exists if the specialist courts have applied the law in such a way that this would not be legally justifiable under any conceivable aspect. If a court follows opinions on the application of the law that are held by other courts or in the literature, this generally constitutes an arbitrary application of the law.<\/p><p>It follows from the requirement under Article 103 (2) of the Basic Law that only that which is prohibited by law may be punished (\u201enulla poena sine lege\u201c) that there is a ban on analogous or common law justifications for punishment. The possible literal meaning of the legal text is the ultimate limit of permissible judicial interpretation.<\/p><p>Only in very exceptional cases is the complaint of a violation of the requirement of appropriate punishment flowing from human dignity pursuant to Art. 2 para. 1 and Art. 2 para. 1 of the Basic Law successful as part of the principle that punishment may never be imposed without guilt (\u201enulla poene sine culpa\u201c). According to the case law of the Federal Constitutional Court, there is only a prospect of success if the individual sentencing to be objected to is so far removed from the idea of just compensation for guilt that it proves to be objectively arbitrary.<\/p><p>The complaint of interference with the fundamental right to liberty by ordering measures involving deprivation of liberty is much more promising, especially insofar as measures involving deprivation of liberty, i.e. placement in a psychiatric hospital pursuant to Section 63 StGB, placement in a detention center pursuant to Section 64 StGB and preventive detention pursuant to Section 66 StGB, its reservation pursuant to Section 66a StGB and its subsequent ordering pursuant to Section 66n StGB have been imposed.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-27563eeb-caa3-4059-b0e3-376f816cee12\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-e09c89b0-d31d-4d3e-9dd1-0a551e1f97af\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-268ceb41-18d6-41a7-835e-dff0f779200c\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-9.99v9.99h-2.92v-9.99h-9.99v-2.92h9.99v-9.99h2.92v9.99h9.99v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"uuid-8f1ad65e-7fbd-41d1-bf1c-3bcb15f040b9\" data-name=\"Ebene 2\" viewbox=\"0 0 62.88 62.88\"><defs><style>      .uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858 {        stroke-width: 0px;      }    <\/style><\/defs><g id=\"uuid-8c422220-5523-4b0d-842a-36c997515bc8\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\"><path class=\"uuid-3d0c90aa-558d-4b94-a266-d2cdf72c0858\" d=\"M31.44,0C14.08,0,0,14.08,0,31.44s14.08,31.44,31.44,31.44,31.44-14.08,31.44-31.44S48.8,0,31.44,0ZM42.89,32.9h-22.9v-2.92h22.9v2.92Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Constitutional review of measures in pre-trial proceedings<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\"><p>Hardly any other stage of criminal proceedings is as influenced by constitutional law as the investigation procedure. Numerous amendments to the law on the powers of law enforcement authorities to intervene in preliminary proceedings are shaped by decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court. Particularly in the area of covert investigative measures, it can be seen from various decisions of the BVerfG that this counteracts excessive application.<\/p><p>However, the BVerfG only examines whether the decisions of the courts of appeal are based on a fundamentally incorrect view of the significance of the fundamental right in question.<\/p><p>The legal process to be followed in this respect differs from that for decisions on the merits:<\/p><p>A court decision pursuant to Section 98 (2) sentence 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure can be applied for against measures that were not ordered by a judge - in analogous application except in cases of seizure. Furthermore, this legal remedy can be used to object to the manner in which a court-ordered investigative measure was carried out.<\/p><p>An appeal may be lodged against a court decision issued in accordance with Section 98 (2) sentence 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and against original court decisions in accordance with Sections 304 et seq. of the Code of Criminal Procedure.<\/p><p>Section 101a (6) sentences 2 and 3 provide for a court decision to obtain subsequent legal protection against covert measures pursuant to sections 98a, 99, 100a to 100c and 100e to 100k of the Code of Criminal Procedure and sections 163d to 163g of the Code of Criminal Procedure.<\/p><p>Individual judicial acts can be judicially reviewed in accordance with \u00a7\u00a7 23 ff. EGGVG may be subject to judicial review.<\/p><p>Legal protection against all, in particular covert, investigative measures in preliminary proceedings can also be obtained retrospectively by means of a constitutional complaint. This is particularly important with regard to the defense in the instance, as a successful constitutional complaint can regularly lead to a ban on the use of evidence.<\/p><p><b>Home search<\/b><\/p><p>Home searches pursuant to Section 102 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the accused and of third parties pursuant to Section 103 of the Code of Criminal Procedure are not only subject to a simple statutory judicial reservation - i.e. the search must always be ordered by a judge - but also to a constitutional judicial reservation pursuant to Article 13 (2) of the Basic Law.<\/p><p>The Federal Constitutional Court examines whether the fundamental right to inviolability of the home under Article 13 (1) of the Basic Law has been violated by a search as follows:<\/p><p>It is checked whether there is a suspicion of a specific criminal offense and whether this has been sufficiently explained together with the legal facts and the suspicion in this regard. The same applies with regard to potentially discoverable evidence that is relevant to the investigation and the suspicion required in this regard. Due to the serious interference with fundamental rights associated with a home search, proportionality must also be ensured, so that in the case of investigations into misdemeanors or minor criminal offenses, increased requirements for the suspicion of a crime must be applied and presented. Increased requirements for the ordering of searches of persons subject to professional secrecy and press companies must also be taken into account.<\/p><p>If a search is not ordered by a judge, but by the public prosecutor's office or its investigators due to imminent danger, it is only an exceptionally permissible emergency order according to established case law of the Federal Constitutional Court. It must be carefully examined whether there were actually grounds for an emergency order.<\/p><p>Moreover, a search warrant is only valid as long as the factual basis has not changed and otherwise depends on the circumstances of the individual case. The BVerfG considers a new judicial review to be necessary after six months at the latest.<\/p><p>Finally, seizure bans can have a prior effect such that a search aimed at obtaining evidence subject to evidence collection bans is unconstitutional.<\/p><p><b>Confiscation<\/b><\/p><p>The confiscation concerns the fundamental right to property pursuant to Article 14 (1) of the Basic Law and, if applicable, the secrecy of correspondence pursuant to Article 10 (1) of the Basic Law.<\/p><p>The seizure must be proportionate to the seriousness of the offense, the strength of the suspicion and the probative value of the evidence. The evidence to be seized must have potential evidentiary value. If a milder measure than the seizure of the evidence to be seized is possible, this must be chosen.<\/p><p>Special problems arise in connection with the seizure from persons entitled to refuse to testify, insofar as these are subject to seizure bans pursuant to Section 97 StPO.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Telecommunications monitoring<\/b><\/p><p>In the context of covert telecommunications surveillance pursuant to Sections 100a, 100b, 100g of the German Code of Criminal Procedure (StPO), the right to telecommunications pursuant to Article 10 (1) of the German Basic Law is affected, which is intended to place the parties involved in a telecommunications process as far as possible in the same position as they would be in the case of communication between persons present. The content of the communication, the circumstances of the communication, the framework conditions of free telecommunications and the further use of personal data obtained are protected. This includes the so-called \"source tapping\" pursuant to Section 100a (1) sentences 2 and 3 of the German Code of Criminal Procedure (StPO) as well as traffic data, which can be searched pursuant to Section 100g of the German Criminal Code (StGB) and - exceptionally - inventory data in the form of dynamic IP addresses, which are covered by Section 100j StPO.<\/p><p>Inventory data is otherwise subject to the fundamental right to informational self-determination pursuant to Art. 2 para. 1 in conjunction with Art. 1 para. 1 GG. in conjunction with Art. 1 para. 1 GG. Since the secrecy of telecommunications does not apply between the parties to a call, it does not protect against a party to a call allowing a person to listen in on their terminal device. In these cases, the general right of personality pursuant to Art. 2. para. 1 i. In these cases, the general right to privacy pursuant to Article 2 (1) in conjunction with Article 1 (1) of the Basic Law is affected and, in the case of so-called hearsay traps, where the spoken words of a defendant are overheard, the principle of the rule of law pursuant to Article 19 (4) of the Basic Law and the principle of a fair trial pursuant to Article 20 (3) of the Basic Law are also affected.<\/p><p>In the case of the reading of card identification numbers and device identification numbers from cell phones using IMSI\/IMEI catchers as well as location determinations using this technology pursuant to Section 100i StPO, in the absence of a communication process, the general right of personality pursuant to Art. 2 para. 1 in conjunction with Art. 1 para. 1 GG is also affected. V. m. Art 1 para. 1 GG is also affected. The same applies to traffic data queries pursuant to Section 100g StPO, so-called radio cell queries.<\/p><p>In the case of online searches pursuant to Section 100b StPO, the fundamental right derived from Art. 2 para. 1 i. In the case of online searches, the fundamental right to guarantee the confidentiality and integrity of information technology systems derived from Article 2 (1) in conjunction with Article 1 (1) of the Basic Law is affected.<\/p><p>According to the case law of the Federal Constitutional Court, the fundamental right to informational self-determination pursuant to Art. 2 Para. 1 in conjunction with Art. 1 Para. 1 GG is relevant when seizing data carriers under the control of telecommunications providers or decentrally stored data (so-called cloud computing). V. m. Art. 1 para. 1 GG is relevant.<\/p><p>Email traffic, on the other hand, is subject to the secrecy of telecommunications pursuant to Article 10 (1) of the German Constitution and can only be monitored under the conditions of Section 100a of the German Code of Criminal Procedure if an email is transmitted from the sender to the provider or from the provider to the recipient or is still stored by the email provider.<\/p><p><b>Total surveillance<\/b><\/p><p>With regard to acoustic surveillance of living spaces pursuant to Sections 100c - 100e StPO, acoustic surveillance outside of living spaces pursuant to Section 100f StPO as well as the surveillance of suspects pursuant to Sections 161 (1) sentence 1, 163 (1) sentence 2 StPO - which has been approved by a judge pursuant to Section 163f StPO - and the use of technical means in the course of this pursuant to Section 100h StPO - even in combination with other covert investigative measures - it is important to note that total surveillance of a suspect is not permitted. \u00a7 Section 100h StPO - also in combination with other covert investigative measures - it is important to note that total surveillance of an accused person, with which a comprehensive personality profile of the person concerned is created, is inadmissible due to a violation of their human dignity in accordance with Article 1 (1) of the Basic Law in conjunction with the fundamental rights violated in each case.<\/p><p><b>Molecular genetic tests<\/b><\/p><p>The determination, storage and (future) use of DNA identification patterns interfere with the right to informational self-determination flowing from Art. 2. para. 1 i. in conjunction with Article 1(1) of the Basic Law. The specific application of Section 81g of the Code of Criminal Procedure in individual cases may constitute a violation.<\/p><p>In particular, if no offense against sexual self-determination is the reason for a measure pursuant to Section 81g of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the classification of an offense as being of considerable significance may constitute a violation of fundamental rights.<\/p><p>The same applies with regard to the prognosis that the accused will commit further criminal offenses of considerable significance in the future. On the one hand, the fundamental right to informational self-determination may be violated if an incorrect prognosis standard is applied and the specialist court allows it to suffice that the person concerned could possibly become involved in further criminal proceedings. On the other hand, an inadequate justification of the prognosis can trigger a violation of fundamental rights if no specific circumstances are used to justify the risk of criminal liability in a comprehensible manner.<\/p><p>Finally, all circumstances that occurred after the specific measure must also be included in the program decision.<\/p><p><b>Pre-trial detention<\/b><\/p><p>In the case of pre-trial detention - as with any measure involving deprivation of liberty - the fundamental right to liberty under Article 2 (2) sentence 2 of the Basic Law is infringed, from which, in the opinion of the Federal Constitutional Court, the principle of acceleration for detention matters in criminal law also flows.<\/p><p>In the opinion of the Federal Constitutional Court, the encroachment on the fundamental right to liberty in the case of pre-trial detention is also significantly more serious than in the case of deprivation of liberty due to a final conviction. It sees pre-trial detention as a security measure without a punitive character, which may only be ordered and enforced under very limited, strict conditions. It rejects the practice of specialist courts of using pre-trial detention to punish offenders prior to a final conviction.<\/p><p>Pre-trial detention is only proportionate if its conditions are appropriate. The duration of pre-trial detention must also not be disproportionate to the probable custodial sentence to be imposed, whereby early release in particular must also be taken into account. In particular, no full sentence may be served in pre-trial detention. Although the Federal Constitutional Court has not yet set an absolute maximum duration for pre-trial detention, it should only be permissible in exceptional cases for pre-trial detention for more than one year until the start of the main trial.<\/p><p>It follows from the principle of acceleration that the longer criminal proceedings take, the faster they should be conducted. A decisive factor for the Federal Constitutional Court is the frequency with which main hearing days take place. In the case of extensive proceedings, the average holding of one main hearing day per week should not be sufficient. Delayed processing in appeal proceedings may also violate the principle of acceleration.<\/p><p>Finally, there is also a violation of the fundamental right to liberty pursuant to Art. 2 para. 2 sentence 2 of the German Basic Law if decisions by specialized courts on the ordering or continuation of pre-trial detention do not contain the required depth of reasoning.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b926575 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b926575\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wissen Hier erfahren Sie mehr \u00fcber einzelne Themen. 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Der Gesetzgeber kann den Stand der Technik regelm\u00e4\u00dfig nicht [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":20,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4288","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v28.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Wissen - SITTIG LAW<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sittig.law\/en\/know\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Wissen\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Wissen Hier erfahren Sie mehr \u00fcber einzelne Themen. Themen Durchsuchen Themenwahl IT Recht Revision Strafverteidigung Verfassungsbeschwerde I. Die Rechtsmaterie I. Die Rechtsmaterie Das IT-Recht ist eine Querschnittsmaterie aus verschiedenen Bereichen des Zivilrechts mit Bezug zu Informationstechnologien. Mit Fortschreite der technischen Entwicklung ver\u00e4ndert sich diese Rechtsmaterie st\u00e4ndig. 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